nd [wm 1784]
7
What may be regarded as the second part of the Bill, is […?] in the collection and exhibition of an assemblage of useful facts. In respect of the nature of the measures /provisions/ contained in it, it bears little or no relation /resemblance/ to the first part. The bond of connection between them is no more than this. A particular set of political hands, a particular Board would be necessary for either purpose, were it to be pursued alone. But the same set of hands that will serve for the one, will serve for the other – will suffice for that and the other two. As far as pecuniary expence therefore is alone concerned (vexation being a separate consideration) by joining the two, either of them may be considered as being compassed gratis. And not only one set of hands will suffice for both tasks, but by engaging in either, any set of hands is rendered the better qualified for executing /the performance of/ the other.
Plan
Capital
East India Capital 1784 3,200,000
1797 6,000,000
The particulars of the disbursement requisite to be made by the Company before any receipts can be excepted may be numerated as follows
First year consumed in Building
1. Buildings viz: 250 Industry Houses upon the Inspection House plan each capable of holding on an average 2,000 persons at 4 per head 2,000,000
2 Rent of Land for d o 100,000
3 Interest upon the above capital
The charge on this account
This will be abated in as far as the Subscription money is paid in by instalments. 90,000
Second year - First quarter employ'd in fitting up furnishing and stocking.
4 Cost of Furniture, Household and manufacturing
Stock. ,500,000
Second Year: second quarter.
On sufficient notice previously given
On this quarter day the contributions from the several parishes may be made payable: and at the same time on the same day the Poor from the several parishes will come in: but to provide against stoppage of income by disputes or litigation, the best way is to suppose that a sufficiency will not have come in till the next Quarter Day.
Expence of Cloathing /permanent stock of/ the Poor on admission 300,000
Expence of diet for this second quarter 500,000
Expence of Officers Salaries for this and the preceding quarter. _________
3,450,000
[152b-462a]
Poor Bill Systems compared
It is in country places that the want of these requisites, most or all of them, will /may be seen to/ be particularly sensible: sensible in the joint proportion of the thinness of the population, and the distance from great towns: sensible, to such a degree as in most instances to oppose such a bar to profitable employment as will /may be seen to/ be found absolutely insuperable. + (a)
Much will depend certainly upon the nature of the work: and unless all manner of works, possible as well as actual, had been examined in this view, it may seem too much to say, that there is not sort of work in relation to which the difficulty founded on the necessity of a concurrence on the part of all the above requisites might not be surmounted.
What must not be forgotten is, that the condition requisite in order to render the Home-provision system consistent with economy in this point of view, is not the finding this or that species of employment that might capable of being carried on with profit in such a situation - but an entire system of employment, sufficient for the whole number of the indigent of all descriptions for whom employment is or will come to the wanted.
+ See this point illustrated in D r Anderson's Interest of Great Britain in rspect of her Colonies 1782 Observations in National Industry and Tour to the Hebrides
(a) Note
[153b-299]
Heads
VI Constitution defended
1 Company one
In the nine Suffolk Industry Houses taken together there is room for very near twice as many /the number/ as M r Ruggles found in them on his progress in 1792 - Numbers provided for, 3495: ╫ Numbers as per observation, 1780. So that, when the extra expence by multiplication of apartments and inclosed areas in proportion to the multiplication of Industry Houses, as above, is taken into the account, it may safely be averred, that of ,2,500,000 would pay the expence of Building /if the country were covered with Industry Houses upon/ the proposed plan of 2000 Paupers to a House 5,000,000 at least would be necessary to defray that expence, if the country were to be covered with Industry Houses upon a scale no larger than the average scale of these existing Suffolk Industry Houses. On the proposed plan of national and undivided management they would be all of them upon this large scale: upon the plan of local and independent management they would be of all magnitudes, great and small together as it might happen. 5. Advantage in respect of the certainty of material relief to an unbounded extent as between House and House in case of contagion by means of the separate Infirmary Huts - as also in case of refractoriness or insurrection. 6. Advantage in pint of security against depretiation of produce, by gluts, and consequent competition. The Principle of self-supply, the grand security against depretiation can not be pursued to an extent sufficient for that purpose in a set of independent and rival establishments some upon a larger, some upon a smaller scale.
A
╫ A number obtained by summing up the numbers as per information obtained recently from the Houses.
[153b-311]
Company One
The continuance of the existing head of expence that relates to the law and other expences incident to /flowing from/ the declaration and execution of the law on the subject of Pauper Settlements, is another /a/ head of disadvantage which though one of the least is one of the most obvious.
The amount of this expence in the year 1783-4-5 was , (a)
Note
(a) Under the supposed system it would probably not be quite so high such litigations as might otherwise have arisen between two Parishes comprized within the same associated Pauper District being saved. But as litigations of this sort are more apt /it should seem/ to perhaps to arise /take place/ between widely remote Parishes than near ones, and the number of Parishes that would be comprehended in an association of this kind would be as nothing in comparison of the number contained in the rest of the kingdom /whole kingdom besides/, the expence saved in this way by such incorporation it /does not seem to promise/ seems not likely to be very considerable.
[153b-313]
Company - One
The quantity of redundant room, and thence a /the/ correspondent superfluity of expence in respect of the capital called /required/ /to be employed in providing room/ for for the purpose of providing room, is another head of disadvantage, and of pecuniary disadvantage so explicit as not to refuse itself altogether to estimation /calculation/. (a) In each establishment The waste of room is as the difference between the average number, and the greatest number: since the quantity of room must be adapted to /sufficient for/ the greatest number.
Note
(a) In the nine Houses of Industry which the County of Suffolk affords the number of Paupers for which room was provided, taking the 9 Houses together was 3495. At the time of Mr Ruggles's inquiries the total number actually accommodated was no more than 1780: within[?] a trifle no more than the half of the number for which room had been provided /provision has been made/. The origin of this difference was evident: providence not improvidence was the case. No one House could receive relief from any other: the quantity of room to be provided was therefore the utmost quantity of room which under such disadvantageous circumstances could ever be at all likely to be called for.
1
Juries
Where confusion reigns, truth is indiscernible. One of the most striking
pleas in favour of trial by Jury is contained in an observation p.
184. edit. of 1781of M r
De Lolme's. "The consequence of this institution "is that no man in
England ever meets the man "of whom he may say That
man has a power "to decide on my death or life.
x
" Look at it once more a little closely it amounts vanishes
serves
to nothing.
1. In the first place it turns upon life and death. it is an argument not
if it were any thing it would be so much in favour
of Juries as against capital punishment.
But it is nothing. By decidedoes he
it
mean literally decide, in
the literaldecide in the station of a Judge? The fact is directly
and violently against him. Much rather might he have
said nearer to the truth would it have been to have said
" No man in England ever meets the "man of whom he" might
not"say that man has power to decide on my death or life. Thus
how many thousands may a man in any public line be odious to whom he
does not know! Look at my Judge, single, unconnected dependent on the
people, and tied down to truth and
the rigid law of duty by a thousand bonds. Look even at the
civil - constituted Judge or not of
Judges do a thing act not in the dark acting in broad day: - then
look
obliged to you, to look for the last, and if you will be so kind as to send the whole to my lodgings by your servant, he will carry back your own books. I shall give orders that they be delivered to him, should I happen not to be at home, when he calls for them.
I am with very sincere regard, and always shall be,
Dear Sir
your most obedient humble servant
Francis Villion
N o 26 Lothbury
Tuesday evening 13 April 1784
Jeremy Bentham Esq r Lincoln's Inn
Old Buildings N o 6
1783 May 22
Trail. Linc. Inn to J. B. Linc. Inn
To Jeremy Bentham Esqre. Whitchurch Hants
C
Of Theft
From p.26 par.1
2: Because it may happen that the offender has been bred to a kind of labour
which has been a greater price than the rough labour which he would be
put to in the way of punishment.
Put him to the rough
work, take him from the work he has been bred to, it is so
much left to the national stock: keep him from it perpetually all his
life long, that loss will be considerable. A
prison-wright
in the ship building way for instance may at this hour (A o 1780) earn to the amount of half a
guinea a day in England; a prime hand in the
mathematical instrument making way may come to that amount at
any time . The same man if set to beating hemp or or
picking
oakham would not earn either of them 6d a day.
Confine such a man then for a year to picking of
oakham and the loss to the nation is £156. Confine him for
20 years, and the loss is £
3120.
From p.32 made restitution of any part together with
perfect computation it is as if that part had never been taken.
Now, provided the Law will give
the offender a motive for doing it, this is what may very now and
then take place. It may happen that the sudden exigency
which
drove