1830 Aug.18.

The Review Broughams Letter to Carlisle

(Copy.) From the Morn. Aug 1830

"Carlisle, Aug.16. 1830.

Gentleman —

I have just had the honour of receiving your

summons to attend the meeting upon Wednesday next, & I deeply

regret that the state of the business here makes it quite impossible

for me to be present. But I beg of you to believe, and to

represent, on my part, that no man in this country entertains

a more lively sense of the debt of gratitude, never

to be repaid, which all the lovers of freedom, in all lands,

owe to the authors of the glorious event you axe me to celebrate.

They have done far more in three days to make despotism impossible

either in France or in England than its vile abettors can now accomplish

in as many ages. I trust I shall be excused for taking

this occasion to express the anxiety which I feel until

I can see the reformed constitution of that noble country

placed upon a solid basis. From the inroads of

Royal Prerogative there is now little to fear; especially if the

representation of the people shall be established upon a more extended foundation

— the best security both for the liberty of

the subject, and for the stability of the Throne. My anxious

hope is that no error may be committed in the other extreme;

that the wisdom and temperance which have hitherto

shone so illustriously through all the proceedings of

the distinguished leaders may preside over what remains

of their great work, and enable them to see the hazard

of a too feeble Executive Power, at a moment when they may

be more apt to think of the dangers they have just escaped

from arbitrary domination. It well becomes their sagacity and

foresight to avoid sowing the seeds of dissension, and struggle,

and change, and convulsion, while they are planting the tree

of limited Monarchy, under whose shade the rights of all

classes may best repose in peace and safety. Above all,

let us hope that everything will be shunned which can

perpetuate the authority of an armed force; that the functions

of deliberation will for ever be separated from those of action;

1830 June 15

Jug. Util.

Beginning

Chrestosebia

or

The usefulness of Religion in the present life examined

As often as religion comes upon the carpet, two lives, ascribed to one and the same person, come into consideration: the present life, and the life to come.

Only incidentally and colaterally, if at all, is the life to come proposed to be taken into consideration on the occasion of the present work: the usefulness of the sort of persuasion in question with reference to such happiness as is obtainable in the present life is in this same work work the only subject matter of enquiry such[?] consideration taken in a direct way, and for its own sake into consideration: its usefulness: - that is to say the degree in which it is conducive to the greatest happiness – the greatest happiness of the individual in question, or the individuals belonging to the community in question.

Nothing can be more vague and indeterminate than the idea as yet attached to this word unless to any approach to a clear idea of the question of which it forms the subject matter is the giving expression to it in apt and accordingly in well-considered language.

The word religion may be considered as a […?] – a single-worded substitute to the locution.

In the margin: ‘Religion, what’.

Persuasion is by aggregate of opinions on the subject of religion. Expressed at length, the […?] itself as the subject matter or by definiend[?], the definition of which is the thing needed.

1830 June 16

Jug. Util

Beginning

Necessary to the influence of religion by means of the expectation of eventual reward or punishment or both in a future state of existence are the conditions following: conditions which consist in the existence of the expectations following

I . First on the part of the existing man.

1. A /The existence of a/ place serving[?] as a receptacle to the being in question during such his existence

2. Capacity of experiencing pleasure or pain or both without prejudice to his identity[?].

3. Capacity of conducting himself in such manner as to make it consistent with the […?] of the creative and all ruling power to administer to him each pleasure and /or/ pain or both.

4. Capacity of profiting by the expectation of such eventual pleasure or pain or both in such sort as to merit and earn the pleasure and forbear to draw on himself the pain.

II. On the part of the creative and all-ruling power, conditions these

1. Sensibility to Motives of such a nature as to induce him to make disposition of pleasure and pain now in a future state of existence, to the end and with the effect of encreasing the quantity of pleasure and decrease the quantity of pain that could otherwise have place in the aggregate of the human species. Says for shortness, appropriate moral aptitude.

2. Appropriate knowledge and judgment such as to determine him to employ the most apt means for the production of these effects.

1830 Jun 16

Jug Util

Beginning

For the belief of the fulfilment of no one of these conditions can any reasonable ground be assigned

Fundamental measure or say axiom. For anticipation of the future, no reasonable ground can in any case be found, other than experience of the past.

To form /deduce/ an anticipation from experience is the work of the judgment

To deduce it otherwise than from experience is the work of the imagination.

1830 Sept. 25

Jug. Util

Beginning

Ars Plus Ultrà[?]

or

Religion examined.

or

The Rationale of Evidence applied to the matter of fact expressed by the words the existence of a future life

A life in which after the extinction of the present human beings will experience pleasure or pain on the score of reward and punishment for and in consideration of acts performed by the individual in question in the course of the present life – is there or is there not in […?] of the existence of such a life any evidence sufficient to warrant a man of prudence for entertaining the belief of it, in such sort as to to exhibit in that belief a ground for his conduct? Taking the Greatest happiness principle for the guide to human conduct such, to the exclusion of every other is the question of primary importance. In comparison of this, the question concerning the existence or non-existence of a God is but of secondary and subordinate importance.

1 A future being the life under consideration ‘ To be or not to be’ that is the question. So says the immortal Bard. So before him had said Common Sense.

2. The belief of the existence of such future life is it of a nature to effect addition to or subtraction from the happiness of the believer?

3 If addition be the effect what is the course of conduct[?] to which it will be conducive to the effect that reward, which that to which punishment should be believed to be attached?

1830 Sept 25

Jug. Util.

Beginning

Necessary to the existence of this same life will on reflection be seen to be the fulfilment of the conditions following.

1. On the part of every individual (with or without exception) of the species in question the capacity of possessing that same mode of existence.

2. A portion of space in which he can possess it.

3. A portion of time in or in which he can begin to possess it.

4. An efficient cause capable of giving birth to it

5. An efficient cause which /by which/ a first birth has been given to it

If, to warrant the belief in question, the fulfilment of these conditions – every one of them – is necessary, it follows that of the fulfilment of any one of them the failure is sufficient to warrant the opposite belief. If of any one of them, then, how much more decidedly and firmly that of every one of them?

1830 Sept. 25

Jug. Util.

Beginning

As in the case of any other alledged matter of fact only by means of evidence – of evidence from some source or other in some shape or other, can the belief of its existence be entertained on any rational ground.

Direct and circumstantial – To the matter of fact here on the carpet with the same propriety as to any other will the distinction and division expressed by these attributes be with incontestable propriety be found applicable.

Of the nature of direct evidence will be that which is afforded by Revealed Religion as the phrase [is].

Of the nature of circumstantial evidence will be that which is afforded by Natural Religion as the phrase is.

To the race by which is continued that system of belief is continued for the […?] of which the matter of reward in such vast quantity is bestowed /applied/ in the country of which the language in these pages employed is the native language, evidence in the shape termed the direct is believed not to have been delivered till after the time in which evidence termed circumstantial is considered as having been delivered.

The circumstantial evidence – evidence in the shape in which it is considered as having been and continued to be delivered by Natural Religion is that which as it should seem may with most convenience be that which is in the first instance taken on the present occasion into consideration.

1830 Sept 25

Jug. Util

Beginning

 For a remarkable and most impressive and certain[?] exemplification of the untrustworthiness of the evidence in respect of the details of an occurrence see Spectator of Sept 25. 1830 title Evidence in the list of Contents.

This being settled, now as to the direct evidence: the evidence spoken of as being afforded by Revealed Religion as the phrase is.

Among various Nations, in various languages masses of evidence coming under the denomination of Written evidence – evidence in a Written shape have been made public – have been promulgated and continue to be promulgated.

These several masses of written evidence have this in common – that they consist of statements made to some person of the human species by a person called God who is not of the human species: he being a person – the person to whom the whole of the human species and every thing else that is in existence stands indebted for that same existence.

This pronounced[?] Hereupon then come the two questions following

1. Is there any sufficient reason for the belief that to any person belonging to the human species a statement to any effect has either in the written mode or in any other mode from which it has or can have passed into the form of alledged written evidence has by the said person termed God at any time in any place been delivered?

2. If yes, is there any sufficient reason for the belief that to any person belonging to the human species a statement to the effect of that contained in the Book stiled the New Testament has in any one of the modes above-mentioned at any time in any place been delivered?

Correspondent to the mass of Written Evidence in that same Book contained is the particular religion termed the Christian Religion: being said to have been delivered in the oral form and no other by a person called Jesus, and from him consigned to writing by four persons distinguished by the name of Evangelists: and by others also in writing, but in the epistolary mode: being accordingly contained in the sacred work distinguished by the name of the Epistles.

1828. Sept. 30. Copied March 11, 1830

Blackstone or Civil Code

1.

Property of a thing what.

2.

Rights 1. Of occupation 2. Of transmission by conveyance 3. Of d o. without conveyance.

3.

Limitations to property 1. Interdiction of occupation maleficent to others. 2. Corresponding negative services. 3. Factitious positive beneficial obligations 4. Factitious positive obligations for the benefit of government.

4.

Wrongs maleficent acts & offences what.

5.

Under existing system no table of maleficent acts.

6.

Conspiracy vague meaning attached to the word.

1.

Rights to personal security — correspondent wrongs.

2.

Matters for civil code in contradistinction to Penal.

Cases where sources of maleficence immoveable. 1. Land 2. Buildings maleficent by darkening another spot. 3. Buildings for carrying on operations maleficent to smell. 4. D o. of light.

3.

Reference to Penal Code for semi-public offences.

4.

Calamities cross reference between Civil and Penal Codes on the one part and Const. Code on the other.

5.

In virtue of correspondency between rights on the one part and wrongs and Offences on the other reference from Civil Code to Penal Codes general & particular.

6.

By this means tittles of Civil Codes little different from those of Penal.

1.

Titles of sections why not inserted.

2.

This part of the Pannomion not susceptible of the order & simplicity of Penal Code

3.

Distinguishable parts the following. 1. Expository matter not conveniently insertable in Penal Code. 2. Enactments imperative without the corresponding sanctions.

4.

Of this sort the matter relating to obligatory dealings.

5.

Consideranda Real entity things really existing corporeal.

1831. March 11

Blackstone or Const. Code, Judiciary or Procedure Code

1. Regular provision for receiving the punishment of trusts can only have place in a mature state of society. Continuity of action requisite for this purpose.

2. For positive breach of trust satisfaction and punishment the only remedy — may remain an indefinite length of time without taking effect.

3. Persons for whom benefit trusts are created are the persons by whom created.

1. Every law is either a command or an assemblage of commands.

2. Law a system of means directed to an end.

3. Sole proper end greatest happiness.

4. Greatest happiness of the greatest number an incorrect expression

5. What it should be is greatest happiness of the whole community.

6. Under existing system no attention paid to that sole proper end.

7. Immediate subordinate ends of Government four — subsistence, abundance, security, & equality.

8. Consider and with a view to greatest happiness 1. Ends in view 2. Axioms of mental pathology. Leading principles.

9. Ends of justice what.

1. Subject matter of consideration I. Existential character — 1. Positive, 2. Negative.

2. Positive good what.

3. Negative good what.

4. Positive evil what

5. II. Quality.

6. Good — Pleasure or absence of pain

7. Evil — pain or asence of pleasure.

8. III. Causality Good — cause of pleasure or absence of pain. Evil — cause of pain or of absence of pleasure.

9. IV. Quantity 1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. Extent

10. V. Productiveness. 1. Direct 2. Inverse

11. VI. Production by human action. 1. Wish 2. Persuasion.