JB_036_021_001.xml

Title: [1821. April 10. Financial]

Description: 1821. April 10.

Financial

(3.)

Remains, that source or mode of wasteful expenditure in the wholesale way

which, howsoever congenial, is not essential, to the form of Government.

These are — 1. Unnecessary wars. 2. Distant, and thence

preponderantly expensive dependencies.

In a Representative Democracy, unnecessary wars against foreign

adversaries can scarcely have existence. For the sake of profit to

the supremely ruling body — the people, in whom is the power of

appointment and removal with relation to the operatively ruling body

— their representatives — it is not possible: but

what none of them can avoid seeing, is — that,

with reference to the utmost possible profit capable of being reaped at the

expence of the people of any other state, the expenditure

that must be made is not only merely immediate and certain, but

antecedent: as well as, in the ultimate result, greater. Upon their

Representatives it is indeed that, in an immediate way, the engaging or not

engaging in any such war would depend. But that which, as above, would be

manifest to the least reflecting of the two portions of the community,

viz., constituents, would be still more manifested in the eyes of the

most reflecting of those same two bodies their Representatives: in

their eyes accordingly, of the engaging in any such unnecessary war,

non re-election, — that is, removal, and with disgrace, would be

the certain consequence.

Another conceivable cause of unnecessary war against foreign

adversaries, irritation. But, if not for the commencement, for the

continuance, of a war considered as being thus produced, what is necessary,

is that, in the breasts of the majority of the people, hatred of others

should be more strong and efficient than love of self. For a small

portion of time, and on the part of a small proportion of the people,

such predominance is at any rate conceivable. But, for any considerable

portion of time, on the part of the majority of such a people, the nature

of man considered, it does not seem possible.

036_035.xml

Title: [[xxxvi. 35] 1821 April 10 Financial]

Description: [xxxvi. 35]

1821 April 10

Financial

Rudiments to be [...?] from.

Sources of wasteful Expenditure. 1. Unnecessary war. 2. Difference between the pay of a Monarch and d o. of the Chief of a Representative Democracy. 3. In particular, all expenditure applied to the maintenance of lustre, splendour, dignity. 4. Expenditure applied to the advancement to purely ornamental art and science. 5. Where the function itself is necessary, expenditure applied to the pay of a superfluous number of functionaries. 6. So pay in superfluous quantity to each or any functionary. 7. Distant dependencies - all dependencies the maintenance of which costs, by reason of their distance, more money than is or can be extracted from them by the governing country in such sort as to operate pro tanto in diminution of the taxes imposed upon it. 8. Encouragement applied to this or that branch of production under the notion of adding to the quantity and value of the whole. 9. Pensions of Retreat see Morn Chron 10th april 1821. African Company Debate. 10. Compensation pensions on reform.

The sources or modes, actual and customary, of wasteful expenditure, may be distinguished into two classes, having quantity for their mark of distinction, viz. Wholesale and Retail. The wholesale may again be distinguished into those which are essential to the form of Government and those which, howsoever congenial, are incidental to it.

The matter of wasteful expenditure, essential to the form of Government is in the case of an absolute monarchy the difference between the pay of the Monarch, and the least pay sufficient for the President of a Representative Democracy.

In the case of a limited Monarchy, it is that same /the above/ quantity with the addition of the quantity employed in the works of corruption and delusion: coruption, applied more immediately to the representatives of the people: delusion, applied more efficiently and needfully to the people themselves.

JB_172_017.xml

Title: [1820. July 25 Emancipation Spanish]

Description: 1820. July 25

Emancipation Spanish

Summary

Corruptive influence

All those external instruments of human felicity that are or appear

to be in their reach, act /operate/ /in proportion to their quantity act/ on public

functionaries in the character of instruments of corruptive influence. The greater

the proportion is of the whole mass to the whole mass of the national property the

more efficient is their operation in that character. The Spanish Monarchy like all

other Monarchies the which have representative systems combined with them the Spanish

Monarchy teems with useless places, needless places, overpaid places and sinecure

places: it teems with factitious dignities constituted of and kept up by /and no

otherwise kept up than by/ the [...?] of the subject many, constituting one of the

instruments of corruption and operating as bounties upon worthlessness and depravity

/breach of public duty/ in every shape bounties upon depravity in that shape in which

it consists of the sacrifice of the universal interest to the particular interests of

those by whom these instruments of imposture are bestowed Having now in combination

with it a representative democracy the whole mass of the external instruments of

felicity at the disposal of the ruling few representatives of the people and others

/amongst the rest/, will be employed in the exercise /application/ of corruptive

influence to the purpose of engaging them to swell to the utmost possible pitch the

amount of official emolument and thence of official expenditure and of the taxes by

which it is defrayed. Even Setting aside the mass of money power and factitious

dignity attached to the possession or endeavoured acquisition of Spanish American and

the other distant dependencies, the quantity of the matter of corruptive influence in

the hands of the Monarch and his advisers, the Monarch being irremovable, will

suffice, and that to a certainty sooner or later to engage a constant majority of the

Cortes in a constant breach of trust constantly operating in augmentation of the mass

of the external instruments of felicity and corruptive influence shared among the

ruling few