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Procedure
17 Aug 1804
Non-homologation
In the infancy of this branch of law antecedently to the establishment of this rule describing adherence to precedents, its decisions would sometimes be conformable to the dictates of natural justice and original utility, sometimes unconformable. But by degrees /at length/ when a certain stock of precedents - in terms of a certain number of judicial instruments - and the memorials of a certain number /stock/ of judicial decisions had come to have been preserved, the possibility of adhering to that golden rule, and thence the [...?], grew up together. Thus progress being made, the whole stock of judicial precedents would have become distinguishable an idea into two parcels: the first consisting of those which at the moment of their formation were consonant /conformable/ to the dictates of natural justice and original utility, the other of such as at that period were unconformable in that original standard. Grounded upon any article or articles in the first the good parcel A subsequent decision will be at once conformable to the primary dictates of original utility, and to the secondary dictates of that secondary sort of derivative utility which consists /depends/ /proscribes/ upon adherence to precedence. Grounded upon any article or articles in the second parcel - the bad /faulty/ parcel - a subsequent decision would be conformable to the dictates of that secondary sort of utility - that derivative utility which depends upon /proscribes the/ adherence to precedence, but would be unconformable to the dictates of natural justice and original utility, as above explained.
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Title: [May 1807 Judicial Injustice]Description: May 1807 Judicial Injustice In point of utility and justice are all laws then upon a par? Is utility and is justice so far dependent upon law that by ordering or prohibiting an act it depends on the power of the legislator to make it conformable or unconformable to utility, conformable or unconformable to justice at pleasure? No certainly: it is not in the power of the legislator to render an act which he finds conformable to utility and to justice unconformable, or vice versâ at pleasure. Utility does not, justice does not, in all cases follow thus obsequiously the finger of the law. Cases there are however in which it does. To a considerable extent in the distribution of benefits and burthens, it is in the power of the legislator to guide and determine the course of expectation. Among the dictates of utility - and we may add too those of justice - is that by which the thwarting of expectations reasonably grounded - expectations produced or countenanced by the law stands prohibited. On the ground of utility, why prohibited? Because when benefit is in question, in so far as expectation is thwarted, disappointment, a painful sensation is produced. Nor can or need any better reason be given why any thing that a man looks upon as his own should be continued and secured in time instead of being given to some one else.
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Title: [Procedure 17 Aug 1804 Ch. Non]Description: Procedure 17 Aug 1804 Ch. Non-homologation From these /the above/ observations may be deduced, and not without practical advantage, the idea of those distinguishable sorts or qualities of jurisprudential law: 1. a sort of law good /purely good/ /doubly/ in itself, and at the same time good in /by/ respect of conformity - in respect of its conformity or ad [...?] to precedents: 2. a sort of law bad in itself, but good in respect of its conformity: 3. a sort of law doubly bad - bad in itself, and bad for disconformity (or say want of conformity) besides. Meantime, in the course of the many ages that have intervened since the formation of the first collection of the raw materials of jurisprudential law, the state of society has undergone prodigious change - civilization has taken ample strides. What is the consequence? - That among the decisions which when first pronounced were conformable to the dictates of original utility would not be so pronounced at present /in these our times/: that consequently the general rules deducible from these particular decisions are not conformable to the dictates of original and immediate utility as they stand at present. Thus it is that to the mass of jurisprudential law bad in itself from the first, and if good in any respect good only by conformity, we must add another mass of jurisprudential law which though originally good in itself is become bad by lapse of time.
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Title: [5 March 1807 Judicial Justice]Description: 5 March 1807 Judicial Justice Letter V III. Remedies or Corrective Modes 5. Against diversity of decision, inconsistency in the system of decisions, whatever remedy may be capable of being applied by superordinate authority, is not susceptible of any such simple statement. Take for simplicity of conception two such mutually repugnant decisions: not forgetting that though in fact the decisions thus co-repugnant may be in any number. As between these two, suppose a standard of rectitude pre-established, one of them conformable to such standard, the other, is unconformable to it. The decision first mentioned, being by the supposition a right decision, stands of course: the other being by the supposition repugnant to the right one is wrong of course. The result of it is injustice in the shape of misdecision; remedy, reversal, as before. Upon this simple footing stands the species of mischief in question, inconsistency among decisions, call it a cause or source of injustice, where the standard of rectitude is in the shape of the only real - in a word, of statutory, law. Whatever be the article in question, suppose two co-repugnant decisions pronounced under it, one of them will be conformable to it, the other unconformable, and as such calling for reversal. Taken by itself, it may happen to any such article of statutory law to be of doubtful meaning: but no sooner is the doubt removed by interpretation given to the article by competent authority, than of the two co-repugnant decisions it is thereby ascertained that one is conformable to the standard of rectitude, the other unconformable. Compared together it may happen to two articles in the same statute, or portion of law established at the same time, to wear an appearance of co-repugnancy in such sort that the reconciling them shall be matter of more or less difficulty: but no sooner has the reconciliation been effected by competent authority that, as between two co-repugnant decisions grounded in the statute, the line is as clearly drawn in this, as in the last preceding case.
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