July 1805

Evidence

Introd. jurisprudential

Ch. 1. Sources

''. Dictates of Utility

6. Dictum of Utility.

Utility is an object which under the most absurd and corrupt system of jurisprudence can never have passed altogether unheeded or unaimed at. That the goodness of any system of law, statutory or jurisprudential is in the exact proportion in which the object is not only aimed at but attained, the badness, in proportion as in the character of an end it is [...?] is a proportion too obviously true to admitt of controversy, when men are agreed about the import of the terms.

By men operating in the way of statute law, it never is neglected, or at least it never is professed to be neglected in no case does it pass unhindered and neglected, even in this when, from the impulse of some sinister interest, or of some error of the understanding it is /it happens to be/ contravened. Like /It is with this principal, as with the will of/ an acknowledged sovereign, whose authority is not the less recognised, even when his orders are disobeyed. No statute is ever passed, but you are soon to hear more or less of its utility real or supposed, whether it be in the text of the statute itself, or in the discourses of those who in any way or other stand engaged to advocate it.

By men /Judges/ operating in the way of jurisprudential law, no such attention has been constantly or so much habitually /usually/ paid to this commanding principle: by the attention paid to what has been done before, on the same or any neighbouring ground, right or wrong,. Whether labour might be necessary to the making good of the road from the general principal of utility to the decision professed to be pronounced, is habitually saved.
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    But although in the formation of a decision on any judicial question the dictates of special utility can never be altogether neglected and set aside, yet there are several circumstances which render it impossible that under a system of judicature in which any regard is paid to prior decisions these dictates should act with a weight in any degree approaching to that with which they are capable of acting and in every days practice do act on the mind of the legislator /in the scale of legislation/. Hence it is that the comparative incapacity of being kept in a state of conformity to special utility - in other words of being subservient /in a state of subservience/ to the general end of legislation - the well being and happiness of mankind /the community/ will be found to be among the vices essentially inherent in the constitution of jurisprudential law, and as such will be noted in its place.

    Moreover as this special utility will be found continually in opposition to the general utility depending upon the mischief of departing without warning from precedents i.e. from established rules, whatever special advantage may be derived from the attention paid to the dictates of special utility will be alloyed with the general mischief of uncertainty, flowing from every acknowledged departure /departure observed to have been made/ from these rules: so that this additional source /spring/ what so ever it may contribute towards bringing /directing/ the current of decisions into a right channel can not but contribute to encrease that muddiness and confusion which pours in from so many other sources.
  • Title: [7 July 1805 Evidence 6. Dictates]
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    But were /although/ the usage made of the dictates of this principal in the way /manufacture/ of jurisprudential law, understood at any modern period, were so great, they are employed as it is in this species of manufacture, it could not the less which admitted upon the use of the sources of jurisprudential law, be refused a place among the sources of that uncertainty which is essential to it. For so long as the authority or precedents is given to any decisions, which whether were adverse to utility from the beginning or are become so by lapse of time, at the same time that the dictates of acknowledged utility are also treated with regard /experience regard on their part/ so long there exist two opposite fountains from either of which it may happen that the decision shall be drawn.

    Where in /one[?]/ regard to the self same point, an arrangement comes to be taken in the way of statutory law, no such uncertainty has any plan, no legislator, on the occasion of any new proposed law, regards himself as bound by any preceeding law: contrary of the two laws being established, viz: the old law and the new law passed in relation to the same matter, no uncertainty nor [...?] obtains /presents itself/ in regard to the question which of those shall carry with it the decision of the Judges.

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