058-115.xml

Title: [30 April 1805 Evidence Introd]

Description: 30 April 1805

Evidence

Introd

Ch. 10 x Capricious Ends

 This to Ch. Capricious Ends Yes Enforced[?] with- Ch. False Ends in general

' Subordinate ends - Compliance with arbitrary maxims the propriety of which being imaginary /undemonstrable/ is gratuitously assumed.

As the legitimate end has its subordinate ends - as the general /[...?]/ propositions expressive /[...?]/ of the general end, include in their embrace the particular propositions expressive of the several particular /correspondent/ ends: - so has the sinister general end /so is it with the sinister end/

The sinister end has for its immediate subordinates, the several particular ends /objects/ consisting in the observance of a countless multitude of maxims, which after having been made by the hands, are the /so many/ objects of the idolatry of the man of law.

/Of/ These maxims had they any real value had they any worth in them when weighed in the scale of utility, the value would consist in this - viz: that the arrangements presented /recommended/ by them were in some assignable way or other, subservient to the ends of justice - But when examined in that view[?] no such subserviency in them can be found. What then is to be done? What is wanting to them in the way of support in point of reason and utility must be made up in prejudice. Accordingly their excellency is to be assumed: and being assumed boldly is to be trumpeted /proclaimed/ clamorously upon all favourable occasions. All attempts - the very idea of enquiring into their intrinsic worth - of bringing them to the test of reason and utility is by every imaginable contrivance to be discountenanced. They exist /are current? therefore they are good: they have been current for a length of time: therefore they are still better: the age in which they began to be current was in comparison of the present a dark[?] and barbarous age: - be it so: they are /they are but/ so much the fitter for setting the law to present times[?]. By any standing /age/, falshood ripens if not into truth, into something better: nonsense ripens, if not into sense, into something more useful and respectable.

The science of ipse[?] dixits[?].

058-112.xml

Title: [5 May 1805 Evidence Introd]

Description: 5 May 1805

Evidence

Introd.

Ch. 10 x Capricious Ends

 Composed with Ch. Take Ends in general

Ch. 10. Of the Capricious /phantastic/ ends of Procedure.

'.1.

 A phatastic end, an end either irreconcilable with the [...?] legitimate ends or of which the [...?] to those ends is not brought to view.

Every object of which there is occasion to speak must have a name to speak of it by /by which it may be spoken of/: every article which there may be occasion to class to aggregate to others must have a classical name /appellative/ to receive[?] it.

Of the legitimate ends of procedure an ample delineation has been given: - of the sinister end or ends a delineation likewise /also/ of no inconsiderable amplitude.

On taking a survey of any /the/ established System of procedure of all most any country arrangements will /may/ at the same time be found, of which it will be clear that they never could have been directed to the attainment of any of the legitimate ends - or at any rate that they have not in any point of view any the smallest tendency to promote the accomplishment of any of these ends, at the same time that neither do they appear by any particular marks appear to have been directed to the attainment of any sinister end. Let the end to which they appear in this case to have been directed be distinguished by the name of capriciously-chosen ends, or to save words, capricious ends.

I speak of an arrangement as directed to the attainment of a capricious end, when the object to the accomplishment of which it is directed, is declared /avowed/ or otherwise manifested but when no connection which it has either with any /one/ of the legitimate ends or with any modification of the /any/ sinister end, as above characterized, is discernible.

058-116.xml

Title: [30 April 1805 Evidence Introd]

Description: 30 April 1805

Evidence

Introd

Ch Sinister Ends

'. No[?] Collateral ends

Of these maxims - the effusions of imbecility wandering in a chaos of its own creation - of these technical crudities with the mass of which volumes upon volumes might be filled, two classes may be distinguished. Those of the one have respect to substantive law: those of the other, to adjutive[?]. To each a test may be given - by which its pretensions to the character /proxy[?]/ of rationality and utility may be tried. In the instance of /As to/ lack of them as bear reference to substantive law /any shewn[?] by/ this test consists in their tendency where applied to practice, that is in the tendency of the arrangements which they are employed to recommend, in respect of the production or promotion[?] of assignable pains and pleasures. Such of them as bear reference to adjuctive law, try those by their subserviency to the ends of justice: to the ends of justice, not as dreamt of /figured in the dreams of/ rhetoricious, but as laws[?] distinctly brought to view.

Examples of maxims constituting so many capricious ends disparate from and unsubordinate to the legitimate end of procedure and its several branches

1. Nemo[?] debit scepsum[?] accusare. Improperly expressed not fit to be observed in any case: in practice not adhered to with any tolerable uniformity or consistency

4.[?] Non bis in idem. Not fit to be observed in any law Referred to in French Law. More steadily observed in English law where its observance is more mischievous than in French. It affords a sure receipt for impunity, to every criminal who can contrive to keep a witness out of the way for a few hours. 3. Nemo debit [...?] [...?] in [...?] [...?]. +

+  Give the rest of [...?] maxims and [...?] Axioms.