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1822 June 12 Economy etc 
1822 June 12

Economy etc

. Appropriate Moral Aptitude. Expository Matter. Identification of rulers with people's interests. Opposition of rulers' to peoples interests Corruption political or anticonstitutional - Relation between these several topics. Relation of each of these topics to every other.

On the part of a ruler /ruling/ or other public functionary, appropriate moral aptitude is perfect if, /has place in so far as/ on each /every/ occasion on which his function comes /is or ought/ to be exercised, the end to the accomplishment of which his endeavours are directed is the promotion of the universal interest howsoever by the course pursued by him accordingly, /whatsoever may be the effect with regard to/ his own personal or any other particular interest may be affected by what he does.

In this state of things, supposing it realized, aptitude in the shape here in question is at its maximum

Independently /Laying out of the case/ /Abstraction made/ of what may be done by laws and institutions to exclude or lessen it, the particular interest of rulers /the ruling class/ in general of all rulers is in a state of natural and diametrical opposition to that of the whole people considered in the correspondent character of subjects.

Take for example the case of a single ruler - in one word a Monarch.

The greatest happiness /felicity/ of the greatest number of the people requires that the external instruments of felicity, whatsoever they may be, be shared by the whole number in a proportion as near to equality as is consistent with universal security, and with that abundance at each moment of time which is itself necessary in the character of a security for the permanency of universal subsistence.
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  • Title: [[clviii. 339] 1822 June 12]
    Description: [clviii. 339]

    1822 June 12

    Economy

    Ch Securities for I. Moral Aptit.

    .1. Expository matter

    1. Appropriate moral aptitude, what: it has place in so far as, on each occasion, promotion of universal interest is the object of rulers in all functionaries' endeavours: whatsoever the effect on his personal or other particular interest.

    2. Laws and institutions apart, opposition of ruler's to people's interest diametrical.

    3. Example. Ruler single. People's interest requires that the aggregate of the instruments of external felicity be shared as near to equality as consistent with general security, and abundance necessary to security for subsistence.

    4. Monarch's interest requires, or (the same thing to practical purposes) is regarded by him as requiring, that the aggregate be at his absolute disposal.

    5. Thus between Monarch and people, opposition of interests diametrical.

    6. But so, between every man and all others - social habits and political institutions apart.

    Sole difference, Monarch has power of giving effect to his interest; individual, not

    7. Identification has place so far as do. opposition is removed. Except in so far as removed by social habits, the opposition being the natural state, only by laws and institutions can the identification be substituted.

    By what means, shows the remainder of the chapter.

    8. Identification failing, consequence proportionable sacrifice of universal to sinister interest - say sinister sacrifice.

    9. In functionary, corruption (political) has place in so far as by his act sinister sacrifice is knowingly effected or promoted.

    10. The evil less or greater, according to the relation borne to it by the state of the Government and the law. Sacrifice repugnant to government's object and │   │ and opposed by punishment, evil less: seat of it, individual mind: remedy, better execution of the law, or apter laws by the same government: sacrifice conformable to government's object and fundamental law, thence either established or determinately left unprohibited or unpunishable, seat of the evil, form of the Government: remedy, none but by change of do.: substituting to a form having for object a particular, a do. having for object universal interest

    14 June 1822. Memm

    Put Opposition before Identification.

     1. Appropriate aptitude what - its elements - Expence what - Relation between Aptitude and Expence Superfluous Expence - depredation Depredation, simple, aggravated.

    .2. I Securities for Moral Aptitude. General Security Removal of opposition of functionarys private interest to the universal interest - i.e. his share in do. Consequent sinister sacrifice. Natural Opposition shewn in Monarch's case 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9

    .3. Sinister sacrifice exemplified. Difference - English State Chief and U.S. do. 12. 13. 14. 15

    .4. Corruption what. 9 10. 16. 17. Parties concerned - Corruptee - Corruptor 29 Party prejudiced

    .5. Corruptive effect how produced - Anglice?. [...? ...?] 18. 19. 20 21. 22. 23. 24. 35. 36. 37.

    .6. On whom, and to detriment to whose interest Corruption may operate. Corruption in rulers peculiar to Representative Government. 31. 32. 33. 34

    2 Principle of impunibility

    1. Practical Democratic[?] principle
  • Title: [[clviii. 345] 1822 May 26 Economy]
    Description: [clviii. 345]

    1822 May 26

    Economy etc

    Ch. Securities for I Moral Aptitude

    Interests identified

    1. First security, interests individual and universal identified.

    Compleat is this security in so far as by all, in so far as depends on Government equal to all is the participation of good and evil.

    2. Compleat the opposition of rulers to people's interest, in so far as rulers have more good and less evil.

    3. By each man, on each occasion, that course of action will be pursued which in his eyes at the moment promises most good to himself. In so far as, in consequence of his actions in this view, good befalls the rest of the community, the identification of his interest with the people's has been compleat.

    4. The identification has place in so far as in consequence of his acting in pursuit of his own interest, the interest of the whole is advanced by such his action: its good being encreased, or its evil diminished

    5. Efficient cause of identification of interest, community of good and evil.

    6. Required by greatest number's greatest happiness that, on each occasion, this identification have place: that, on every occasion, by encrease given by each man to his own happiness do. be given to the universal happiness: and by diminution effected by him in the universal happiness, diminution of his own be effected likewise.

    7. Of his influence, the efficiency being given, his conduct will be favorable or unfavorable to universal happiness according to the degree in which this identification has had place.

    ( Go on with this.)

    8. or 1. Opposite to identification, oppositeness of individual to universal interest i.e. of interest to duty.

    9. or 2. Cause of such oppositeness 1. Law. 2. Delinquency.

    10. or 3. Consequences where law is the cause.

    1. Evil maximized.

    2. Difficulty of cure maximized.

    3. Moral turpitude of the authors maximized.

    4. Form of the Government the original cause.

    5. This form unchanged, cure impossible.

    11 or 4. Where the evil has the law for its cause, by the legislature and rulers for the time being, it is conceived to be their interest that the evil shall exist: viz whether they give creation, or only preservation: here, it has for its proximate cause their will.

    12. On the largest scale then are depredation, oppression, etc. perpetually committed, and with impunity and without hope of redress or relief.

    13. Government is then the worst or aggregate of all nuisances: support to it, hostility to the people.

    14. In so far as the state of law and government is the cause of the evil, government being so constituted that by it the interest of the rulers has been made opposite to universal do., it has for its cause that inaptitude which is opposite to moral appropriate aptitude: in so far as not law etc. but individual delinquency, that which is opposite to intellectual and active aptitude.

    15. Intellectual aptitude, when deficient in rulers, appropriate supply may effectually be afforded by any hand, how obscure soever - viz appropriate information.

    Moral aptitude there deficient, all such information is useless: either it will not be attended to, or will not be put to use: of the offer, not gratitude but hatred will be the effects: the more pressing the offer, the stronger the determination to exclude the community from the benefit

    16. In this state of things, sole remedy, abatement of this nuisance: substitution of a form conducive to universal interest to the one thus opposite.

    17. Useless remedy, change of rulers: receiving the same situations, new rulers receive the same sinister interests with the old: exposure to the same situations, same insensibility to all tutelary sanctions: necessarily they pursue the same sinister course. Whole official Establishment a ship infested at all times with the same plague.
  • Title: [1822 June 17 Economy etc Hence]
    Description: 1822 June 17

    Economy etc

    Hence for instruction and remembrance and standards of reference we have these formulae /axioms./ /aphorisms./

    1 Sole justifiable end of laws, greatest happiness of greatest number

    2. Immediate direct means or immediately subordinate end, aptitude maximized on the part of functionaries of all sorts employed in /about/ and under the law, appropriate aptitude maximized maximization of appropriate aptitude.

    3 Collateral means or /and/ immediately subordinate end, expence minimized minimization of expence.

    I. Aptitude

    Appropriate aptitude is aptitude with relation to the end Inaptitude is the absence or the opposite of aptitude. In the case of a functionary of Government appropriate aptitude is appropriate official aptitude.

    In /Of/ appropriate official aptitude with relation to the end of government and laws three branches or elements may /require to/ be distinguished, namely 1. Appropriate moral aptitude: 2. appropriate intellectual aptitude: 3. appropriate active aptitude

    Appropriate intellectual aptitude again requires to be distinguished into 1. appropriate knowledge: 2. appropriate judgment.

    For maximizing appropriate official aptitude in these its several branches the arrangements and other means employed by the Constitutional branch of law may be termed Securities for these several branches of appropriate official aptitude: These securities for it, are so many efficient causes of it: they respectively so many concurrent causes: the aptitude produced by them, their joint /common/ effect.