038-174.xml

Title: [[xxxviii. 174] 1822 June 18 Consult]

Description: [xxxviii. 174]

1822 June 18 Consult 1823 June 30

Constitut. Code Economy etc

Ch. Expository matter

 1. Law - its branches

1. Branches of the body of the law, are

1. the Operative.

2. the Constitutive

Operative is composed of the Penal and Civil

2. By Constitutional branch are determined the powers and duties of functionaries, and the acts, events, and states of things by which they are located and dislocated - made to begin, and cease to be so.

3. By the whole together is expressed the aggregate of the wills declared by the supreme operatives at the point of time in question, expressed by all anterior do. included, except in so far as the contrary has been declared.

.2. Government - its ends proper and sinister

4. Sole right and proper end of Government, greatest happiness etc. of all, so far as the happiness of any one can be encreased, without lessening to a greater amot., do. of any other or others of the greatest number, so far as that is not the case.

5. Of happiness or say good thus produced the net amount will be directly as do. produced inversely as do. destroyed, or say evil produced.

6. Included in the essence of Government is evil. Only by creating obligations can Government be carried on. To govern is to do evil - to govern well, is to do the least evil that the greatest good may come.

7. A Government's goodness is as the appropriate aptitude of its laws and operations with reference to that end.

8. External circumstances the same, this aptitude will be as the aptitude of the functionaries by whom the laws have been made, the operations performed.

9. Taken by itself, all expence is evil.

For remembrance and standard of reference, hence these aphorisms.

1. Sole proper end of Government, greatest happiness etc.

2. Immediately subordinate direct means, functionary's appropriate aptitude maximized: do. collateral, expence minimized.

JB_160_107.xml

Title: [1822 May 28 Economy etc In]

Description: 1822 May 28

Economy etc

In a government in which the powers of government are in the hands of

the greatest happiness of the greatest number of the members of which the community

is composed, the actual as well as only right and proper end of government is the

greatest happiness of that same greatest number

1 The interest of the greatest number is that the powers of

government be in the hands of the greatest number: the powers of government in the

highest degree in the scale of subordination; and thence in all subordinate degrees

2 The interest of the ruling one is - that the powers of government

be in the hands of the ruling one

3 The interest of the ruling or sub ruling few is that the powers of

government be in the hands of the ruling few or sub ruling few

4 The conjoint interest of the ruling one and the ruling or

sub-ruling few is that the powers of government be distributed between the ruling one

and the subruling few

5 In England the hands in which the powers of government are lodged

are those of the ruling or say supremely-ruling one - the King, those of the ruling

or say sub-ruling few - the Members of the House of Lords acting in a body, and those

of the Members of the House of Commons acting in a body. The body composed of the

Members of the House of Commons. This body is another section of the ruling few. No

of Members 658 of this total number a very small number are elected each by a

considerable number of the people: a vast majority are located respectively, some by

Members of the House of Lords, others by Members of the House of Commons and other

rich individuals, others by the suffrages of a small number of other opulent

individuals, others by the King

The interest of the greatest number etc is that the greatest

happiness of the greatest number be tha actual end and sole all-comprehensive end of

government

114-010.xml

Title: [1822 June 17 Economy etc Hence]

Description: 1822 June 17

Economy etc

Hence for instruction and remembrance and standards of reference we have these formulae /axioms./ /aphorisms./

1 Sole justifiable end of laws, greatest happiness of greatest number

2. Immediate direct means or immediately subordinate end, aptitude maximized on the part of functionaries of all sorts employed in /about/ and under the law, appropriate aptitude maximized maximization of appropriate aptitude.

3 Collateral means or /and/ immediately subordinate end, expence minimized minimization of expence.

I. Aptitude

Appropriate aptitude is aptitude with relation to the end Inaptitude is the absence or the opposite of aptitude. In the case of a functionary of Government appropriate aptitude is appropriate official aptitude.

In /Of/ appropriate official aptitude with relation to the end of government and laws three branches or elements may /require to/ be distinguished, namely 1. Appropriate moral aptitude: 2. appropriate intellectual aptitude: 3. appropriate active aptitude

Appropriate intellectual aptitude again requires to be distinguished into 1. appropriate knowledge: 2. appropriate judgment.

For maximizing appropriate official aptitude in these its several branches the arrangements and other means employed by the Constitutional branch of law may be termed Securities for these several branches of appropriate official aptitude: These securities for it, are so many efficient causes of it: they respectively so many concurrent causes: the aptitude produced by them, their joint /common/ effect.