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[Marginal summary sheet[?]]
[Mainly in copyist’s hand]
14 Jan y 1817
Necessity Cat
1 Theory
§ 4. Probity how securable
2
§. 4 Probity how securable
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Q.9 - But said you not that on every occasion man’s conduct is determined by his own conception of his agregate interest during life?
A. Yes: and future life may be included
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Q 10. What? in the case of a thief, ravisher, murderer, without prospect of impunity?
A. Yes for as in physics with few exceptions no body acts but were present so in psychics without exception no idea: a motive is an idea of < > pleasure or pain: not present such an idea can not operate: nor although present, but in proportion fierce will which the attention < > to it For example take it murderers case: motive say desire of revenge prospect of escape, none such may be the joint form of the idea of the pain produced by the supposed saying and the pleasure expected from the contemplation of the suffering producable to the injurer, that by the two the capacity of the mind shall be filled up: the idea of the < > punishment thus barred on, or if let in, prevented from preponderating by the weakness of the attention applied to it -
§ 4 Probity, how securable
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Q.11. Speaking of a partnership you brought to view interests created by political moral and religious sanctions: in a private partnership in general one thing not sufficient to secure probity as so is partners: if so why not in this public d o? -
A. In a private partnership, yes -
But in this public d o.
I. Political sanction can not impose restored its force is perfectly at the command of the power-holders in question
II. So the moral for the most part -
III. In there < > when the religious is more apt to extend from or to act in a singular direction, then to be in and act in a proper direction -
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Q. 12 - In Monarchs case is it so clear that to this purpose the religious number is made quite < > if so what is the cause?
A. Causes let us now they would had as far wide of the mark: effects are matter of notoriety, indication may serve for proof -
Monarchs, on some through unbelief, rule given can have had no influence: witness Frederic, Bonaparte, as per their writings. question 3 - as report on others its influence has been rather adverse than conducive: witness not to speak of the French, the Spanish and the Italian
§ 4 Probity, how securable
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Q. 13 - But sympathetic sound /social/ interest operating to that extent in which it embraces the whole of the community, you will not deny its existence, or its acting on this side? -
A. No - but < > you doing? -
1 In its most < > state this interest is community much weaker than self-regarding -
2 - In this case by reason of its extent it operates in a highly diluted state -
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Q.14 - Your notion is then that in the situation in question, on the occasion in question mall will in general be determined not only by his self regarding interest but by that part of it in which the interests < > by the < > or moral and the religious sanctions are not comprized (viz. by his own conception which as above < > to be taken for correct) -
A. - Yes - that any rate individuals unknown, this is so propable that any arrangement grounded on any other supposition would be unanswerable -
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Q.15 Are not here great difficulties? -
1 - Estimating relative forms of the portion of personal interest in the one part the share in the universal interest together together with that < > by sympathy for the remainder
§ 4 Probity how securable
and that erected by the tutilory sanctions on the other -
2 Ascertaining the agreement or disagreement between the rate value of the several interests and the man’s own conception of it -
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Title: [[Marginal summary sheet[?]] [Mainly]Description: [Marginal summary sheet[?]] [Mainly in copyist’s hand] 14 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat 1 Theory § 4. Probity how securable 1 1 § 4. Probity how securable? Q 1 - Recapitulation - < > question - By what arrangements < > of the form of government can appropriate probity on the part of the supreme rulers be most effectually secured - A. Short answer: such by means of which each such ruler shall find it his interest to entertain the destrosetion[?] in question, and constantly to act up to it - 2 Q 2: i e. that in the current phrases it shou’d be his interest should in each coincide with his duty - A - Yes - 3 Q.3. But under every form of government are the instances of every possessor of supreme power does not interest coincide with duty? - i.e the line of conduct presented by interest coincide with d o. prescribed by duty? Exists there that office bearer who possesses not a share in the universal interest? as great a share as any other can possess? - A. No. But in addition to that fractional interest every member of the community rulers included has an integral interest, viz. a purely personal interest which being distinct from his share in the universal interest is liable to be opposite to it A - Yes - §. 4 Probity how securable 4 Q 4 - This 1 undurable it therefore is that he should never deviate, will any such sinister cource. But then he will not deviate, unless and in so far as his such his private compared with public interest is the strongest: will he? - A. No - but mostly so it will be. The seperate interest is an integer: his share in the universal interest is but a < > fraction, as one to a number of millions. This sinister interest of his acts in the most < > his public in a highly diluted state {5} Ans. In this respect, with no other difference than what depends on the number of the portions, this public is on the footing of a private partnership. Bating the tutelary force of the interest < > political or legal, the /by the/ popular or moral, and the religious sanctions, if by a conduct by which the value of his share as the partnership would be diminished one hundred pound a partner can gain two hundred so he will do - 5 Q 5 - You mean that conduct will be determined by the stronger interest viz - when thereby general happiness will not only not be encreased but diminished. A. Yes - that in the < > of the powers of government < > to be the supposition acted upon say, as there may be so each had several interests by the stronger body of interest - 7 Q 7 - Teach you then that for example on every occasion in which by sacrificing one pound, a man may gain two he will make the sacrifice? A - Not exactly so: only for the sale if the explanation said so: if these were really so, no imprudence; nothing but consummate prudence. What I meant was - I. On each occasion man’s conduct is determined by what in his own conception of the matter is at the < > most conducive to the aggregate interest corresponding to the < > quantity of happiness expected to be enjoyed by him during life: 2. that for the purpose in question that conception ought to be taken for correct 8 Q. 8. What always notwithstanding the known abundances of of imprudences? - A. Yes - individuals persons not known nothing known but the general comprehension of names nature[?], and the particular situation of the sort it man in question, such the supposition on what we are induced to act This ground is not a fallacious as it may be seen. Per Adam < >. Bankruptcies are comparatively rare: and of Bankruptcies only a part are produced either by improbity or imprudence. - By the very notice taken of imprudences their rarity is evidenced: only by what is rare is nature attracted.
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Title: [13 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat]Description: 13 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat 1 Theory §.4. Probity how securable 10 Q. 11. In speaking of the case of a private partnership you had occasion to bring to view in the character of tutelary interests certain interests by the names of /the interests created by/ legal, moral and religious interests /sanctions/. In the case of a private partnership For the most part taken all together these tutelary interests are in general sufficient to secure the probity of each partner from /against/ breach of duty as towards the other partners: are they not so? and if in that case they are why should not these be so in this? A. In the case of a private partnership, generally speaking I suppose they may be: But in respect of the application and efficiency of these tutelary interests the case of this all comprehensive public partnership is a very different one. As to the /a/ legal tutelary interest interest which it is the nature of the political or legal sanction to create it has no /not in this case any/ application whatsoever /here/: for, the possessors of the supreme power, whoever they are, are themselves masters of this force[?]. As to the moral tutelary interest, though it is not so immediately and promptly /strictly/ subject to them, yet in the long run and even without any /particular/ pains taken on purpose, they have in a good measure the direction of it. And lastly as to the religious tutelary interest, in the first place its influence on political conduct is on men in the exalted station /elevated situation/ in question is generally speaking less efficient than on men in inferior situations: and /on political conduct is on men in general less efficient than on the conduct of Moralists[?], and/ at any rate it is not possible in relation to its force, whether absolute and /or/ comparative, it is not possible to form any situation approaching in correctness to what may be found in relation to the force of an ordinary worldly interest more particularly of pecuniary interest, of interest in a pecuniary shape.
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Title: [13 Jan y 1817 1 Theory §.4]Description: 13 Jan y 1817 1 Theory §.4 Probity how securable 13 Quere[?] - By[?] his[?] excellent[?] do[?] Q. < > Your notion then is it that in the situation in question man’s conduct will on the most important occasions, be determined not only by his own /own/ self-regarding interest, but by that part of his self-regarding interest in which the interests respectively created by the political or legal, the popular or moral, and the religious sanctions are not comprized: I mean always - as explained by you by like conception entertained by him respecting those several interests at the time: which conception, as above, ought for the purpose in question ought to be taken for correct; and that there the line of conduct pursued by him is that which at the time is prescribed by his own conception in regard to that part of his own self regarding interest, how opposite so ever to that which would be prescribed by an exclusive regard for the universal interest? A. To one I must confess - individuals being all along supposed to be unknown - taking in the situation in question man in general, this preponderance of that part /portion/ of self-regarding interest in which as you have been mentioning above the interest created by those tutelary sanctions are not included over the party share in the universal interest is at any rate so far probable, that to ground in any other supposition any political arrangements relative to the disposition to be made of the supreme power would be altogether unreasonable.
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