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3 Jan 1817
Necessity Cat
1. Theory
§.4. Probity how securable
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14
§.4. By what means appropriate probity in rulers may be most effectually secured?
Q. By what other means any appropriate probity as thus explained be most effectually secured.
A. By such means also whereby it is rendered more or less difficult to the man in question to sacrifice to his present interest his share in the universal interest: the security will be more effectual the more powerfully operative[?] are these means.
Q. What then are these means? {in what do they consist?}
A. In the multitude of the persons among whom the total mass of power by the exercise of which the government is carried on is divided.
Q. What absolutely on this circumstance and this only does the effect depend
A. No act absolutely for this condition must be […?] viz. that by which is thus gained in the article of appropriate probity a equivalent or over[?] the equality less be produced in respect of the other elements of aptitude taken together.
Q. In what way by what means was an encrease thus given to the quantity[?] for appropriate aptitude by the […?] of the members[?] among whom the power is divided.
A. By this circumstance, viz. that in the present interest of every other the personal interest of each[?] will find a check. So Suppose on the occasion in question no personal interest adverse[?] to the universal interest has place then in so far as each man’s conduct leads to the promise[?] of the universal interest be with experience not[?] opposite but[?] exceptions[?] face[?] the every other viz. in virtue of each man’s does[?] in the universal interest.
[insertion:] it gives[?] the […?] the use different to […?] effect
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Title: [[Marginal summary sheet[?]] [Mainly]Description: [Marginal summary sheet[?]] [Mainly in copyist’s hand] 14 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat 1 Theory § 4. Probity how securable 1 1 § 4. Probity how securable? Q 1 - Recapitulation - < > question - By what arrangements < > of the form of government can appropriate probity on the part of the supreme rulers be most effectually secured - A. Short answer: such by means of which each such ruler shall find it his interest to entertain the destrosetion[?] in question, and constantly to act up to it - 2 Q 2: i e. that in the current phrases it shou’d be his interest should in each coincide with his duty - A - Yes - 3 Q.3. But under every form of government are the instances of every possessor of supreme power does not interest coincide with duty? - i.e the line of conduct presented by interest coincide with d o. prescribed by duty? Exists there that office bearer who possesses not a share in the universal interest? as great a share as any other can possess? - A. No. But in addition to that fractional interest every member of the community rulers included has an integral interest, viz. a purely personal interest which being distinct from his share in the universal interest is liable to be opposite to it A - Yes - §. 4 Probity how securable 4 Q 4 - This 1 undurable it therefore is that he should never deviate, will any such sinister cource. But then he will not deviate, unless and in so far as his such his private compared with public interest is the strongest: will he? - A. No - but mostly so it will be. The seperate interest is an integer: his share in the universal interest is but a < > fraction, as one to a number of millions. This sinister interest of his acts in the most < > his public in a highly diluted state {5} Ans. In this respect, with no other difference than what depends on the number of the portions, this public is on the footing of a private partnership. Bating the tutelary force of the interest < > political or legal, the /by the/ popular or moral, and the religious sanctions, if by a conduct by which the value of his share as the partnership would be diminished one hundred pound a partner can gain two hundred so he will do - 5 Q 5 - You mean that conduct will be determined by the stronger interest viz - when thereby general happiness will not only not be encreased but diminished. A. Yes - that in the < > of the powers of government < > to be the supposition acted upon say, as there may be so each had several interests by the stronger body of interest - 7 Q 7 - Teach you then that for example on every occasion in which by sacrificing one pound, a man may gain two he will make the sacrifice? A - Not exactly so: only for the sale if the explanation said so: if these were really so, no imprudence; nothing but consummate prudence. What I meant was - I. On each occasion man’s conduct is determined by what in his own conception of the matter is at the < > most conducive to the aggregate interest corresponding to the < > quantity of happiness expected to be enjoyed by him during life: 2. that for the purpose in question that conception ought to be taken for correct 8 Q. 8. What always notwithstanding the known abundances of of imprudences? - A. Yes - individuals persons not known nothing known but the general comprehension of names nature[?], and the particular situation of the sort it man in question, such the supposition on what we are induced to act This ground is not a fallacious as it may be seen. Per Adam < >. Bankruptcies are comparatively rare: and of Bankruptcies only a part are produced either by improbity or imprudence. - By the very notice taken of imprudences their rarity is evidenced: only by what is rare is nature attracted.
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Title: [13 Jan 1817 Necessity Cat 1]Description: 13 Jan 1817 Necessity Cat 1 Theory §.4. Probity how securable 1 §. Appropriate official probity - how […?] effectually to securable possession of it on the part /in the breast/ of Office bearing in official hands. Q. 1. Let us go back a little and report progress /and see what we have done/. 1 The leading question was what in a political state or community is the proper end of government: the short answer was maximization of the happiness of all its members. This was a theorem. 2 The next was a problem. By what means secure the accomplishment of that end /object/. A short answer to the question, short answer to the problem by the maximization of appropriate official aptitude on the part of such of its members as have the supreme power in their hands. 3. {The} third question {was} In what are /endowments shall/ the elements of his aptitude be found. Short answer appropriate probity, appropriate intellectual aptitude, appropriate active talent. 4. 5. 6. Three next questions what are we respectively to understand by the three endowments thus expressed: to each of them an answer has been found. But of the inquiry there carried on what is the practical object? It is to determine among all the several forms of government actual and conceivable what is the best i.e. what in its nature the most highly conducive to that end, and for the solution of that question the principal modifications of which the powers of government have appeared /presented themselves as being/ susceptible have necessarily passed under review. A conception of the /these/ several elements of appropriate official aptitude being thus obtained, now come so many problems, by means of the form of government how most effectually to secure for the benefit of all the Members on the part of the ruling members the possession of these several endowments? and the first upon the list is that of appropriate probity.
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Title: [13 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat]Description: 13 Jan y 1817 Necessity Cat 1. Theory §.4. Probity how securable 5 Added in this sheet? 1. Relation of interest to happiness. 2. Universality of the sacrifice of public to private interest - East India directors &c Q. 5. You mean that in case of conflict between interest and interest, a man’s conduct, in the situation in question more particularly will be determined by the stronger interest: and that very frequently in the situation in question the personal and sinister interest will to the stronger interest: that by producing a diminution in the general /universal/ happiness it will be in his power to gain to himself more happiness or at any rate more of the ordinary means and instruments of happiness than by giving encrease to the general /universal/ happiness: and even by means by which a diminution will be effected in /of/ the stock of general happiness will be produced. A. Yes: this is what I mean: viz. that for any such prospect as that of an /a distribution or/ allotment to be made of the powers of government individuals being unknown, the only supposition that can normally be acted upon is - that of those by whom these powers are possessed and exercised the conduct will on each occasion be determined by the stronger interest: i.e. if as is commonly the case there be a multitude of interests operating /acting/ on each of the two opposite sides, by the stronger body of interest.
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