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1819 Aug. 22
Disfranchising or
Apology for the Borough mongers
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But now on the other hand suppose that instead of being transferred to populous towns the seats are transferred to Country Districts, things in other respects continuing on the same footing as at present. What will be the consequence? Instead of opulent men of all /those of opulent or well connected or educated/ classes as it might happen, the hands these seats would pass into would be the hands of Country Gentlemen: Peers included: men who, as compared with opulent and well connected or educated men of other classes put together are in respect of all the several elements of appropriate aptitude taken together, in a peculiar degree, and for the reasons so often given, likely to be, not to say sure to be, in a high degree, and to a practically mischievous effect deficient.
☞ Subjoin here or draw up and insert elsewhere a statement of the particulars in respect of which the interest of Country Gentlemen Peers included is more decidedly adverse than that of other persons at large of equal opulence, viz
1. Interest in […?] cases dear[?]. Probity
2. Looking to Peerage, advancement in d o and Baronetage
3. Indolence thence None attendance as compared with men of business
4. Ignorance, the result of high education, fox hunting &c. Intellectual aptitude and active talent.
5. Habitual insolence by lording it over tenantry.
As to aversion to Income Tax, they would be on no better footing than other men of equal opulence: and for certain they would be more likely to be craving for provision for younger children and heir apparent by more wars & distant dependence, with officers, and commissioners &c.
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Title: [1819 July 26 + To Erskine Lett]Description: 1819 July 26 + To Erskine Lett. 5. E.’s Reform §.3. E’s earnests pernicious 1 1 §. | | Proposed disfranchisements and transferences of seats, bad in themselves and bad as earnests. On the subject of this plan of partial and gradual disfranchisement, and transference of seats taken by itself /considered in itself/, I shall not attempt to detain your Lordship much longer: these letters being intended to be almost immediately followed by a little work in which that plan /measure/ will be particularly if not exclusively considered: /at present/ all I shall do at present is to state the positions, of which in so far as it is /they are/ not in my former work, the proofs will I hope be found in it. 1. In so far as the disfranchising system is proceeded with /made to take place/, the seats taken from the existing boroughs will be given either to the[?] contiguous Country Districts, or else to populous and at present unrepresented towns. 2. In so far as the transference is made to Country Districts, the change is more likely to be productive of difference than service to the universal interest: the class of men into whose hands the seats will then be thrown viz. the great landholders partly Peers and partly Country Gentlemen being /naturally/ in all those points of appropriate aptitude naturally under the present system of representation naturally and generally inferior to those by whom the seats in question are at present filled: meaning by appropriate aptitude {– meaning thereby} here as elsewhere appropriate probity, appropriate intellectual aptitude, and appropriate active talent. N.B. In this it is assumed that the Election would in every instance be in the open mode as at present, and not in the secret mode namely by ballot 3. Of the transference of the seats to populous towns there seems little probability. But even supposing this plan adopted, I see more harm /evil/ than good in it. A pecuniary qualification would of course be made requisite: and at whatever sum it were placed, and whether any such qualification were appointed or no, the voter would for want of secresy, be placed at the command of those, whose interest is more or less likely to be in a state of opposition to the universal interest, though not so decidedly so as in the other case.
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Title: [3 Feb. 1817 Plan Cat. Introd. Rudiments]Description: 3 Feb. 1817 Plan Cat. Introd. Rudiments §. Introd. Members classed. 2 Sinister Sacrifice { 18 or 1 Effect – constant sacrifice of community aggregate interest to partial d o of Monarch and his instruments. } 19 or 2 Members classed Classes of men provided 1 Men of all work 2 Idlers 3 Terrorists: many included in the Idlers – 20 or 3 Members classed. 1 Men of all work, placemen: in possession or expectancy: sole use of their votes as contradistinguished from their seats engaging them to take a constant & leading part leading part in the sacrifice – { 21 or 4 Terrorists Terrorists who? Classes on whom the term is exercised. I Electors – viz – Tenants and other dependants. Vote-compelling Terrorists 2. Competitors, or would-be d o. Competition-repelling Terrorists 22 or 5 Terrorists Instrument of terror. 1 On Electors, publicity of the suffrage a removal of 2 on Competitors, overbearing purse: } { 23 or 6 Terrorists 1 Country State. Principal Terrorists Great Land holders – viz- Peers and richest Country Gentlemen expence of journey and demurrage considered, nothing but terror /compulsion/ (add a bribery) could suffice to send the votors to the distance they have to travel (50- miles) 24 or 7 Terrorists Here terror and bribery act, one, or both, in various proportions: terror as far as it can be employed: in default of it, bribery – 25 or 8 Terrorists 1 County seats – Persons operated upon by the terror are I Country Gentlemen less opulent 2 d o. less abounding in ready money – 3 - or in appropriate ambition. } 26 or 9. Terrorists Intellectual aptitude being rather inversely than directly as oppulence, natural consequence general in aptitude in these seats { 27 or 10 Terrorists Competitors excluded by Terrorists – all whose | | surplus of money is in their eyes insufficient for a contest i.e the great bulk of those most highly endorsed with the several elements of appropriate aptitude. } { 28 or 11 Terrorists The Money holding Terrorists are less mischievous than the Land-holding d o. for } 1 They have more appropriate intellectual aptitude Ex-gr 1 Merchants 2 Manufacturers 3 Acting Managers of great Corporation 4 Men inured[?] to Government in British India 29 or 12 Terrorists 2 On Electors they operate less by terror – more by comparatively innoxious bribery – { 30 or 13 Property So much for the legitimate influence of property: ie aristocratical – not better than monarchical legitimacy } 31 or 14 Property Under no one of the elements of aptitude is property included: for no one of them does it exclude the demand – Part I. The cause of the disorder stated and the cause of it stated Part II. The sole possible remedy stated and explained in principle Part III. The disorder and its causes explain in detail
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Title: [1819 June 1 Disfranchising]Description: 1819 June 1 Disfranchising Disfranchising §.5. Evil 4. Multiplying Country Gentlemen 11 7 3 Minds cased in bodies Yes: Natural it is that among the higher orders – that is among those orders, in which {by the joint powers of overflowing opulence indolence, mental vanity[?], and overflowing opulence,} by the {by the overfulness of the purse operating on the emptiness of the head, and the rapacity of the appetite for money and the absence of social sympathy of sympathy for the sufferings of others} /keeness of the appetite for money operating in the midst of repletion on unfurnished heads and heads void of sensibility to the sufferings of others/ - men are in a particular /preeminent/ degree exposed to the assaults /temptations/ of vice in this shape, natural indeed it then that a law to this effect, established by a sort of inert compact, should have place. Natural as it is, by what circumstance /cause/ is it rendered so? In this there is no mystery. In this case the debtor can not continue his habits – can not preserve a place in the society which he has formed for himself, without encountering the reproaching visage of his creditor. in all other cases, a closed door has place between them: a door which of course the creditor finds always closed, and which by the force of factitious delay, vexation and expence, the man of law, in league with the high stationed swindler in whose sinister interest he has given himself a share has most elaborately and efficiently fortified against the hand of justice: and here we see one of the roots of the system of law-taxes and law-fees Gaming it is true is a vice not in an exclusive degree peculiar to opulence in the shape of landed property: it is to a certain degree common to opulence in that particular shape, and opulence in any other shape in so far as it is conjoined with idleness. But of the whole mass of that opulence which is conjoined with idleness, the greatest portion by far is in the shape of landed property: the whole of that portion which occupies the summit of the scale: and it is only in so far as the opulence has place /wears/ in that permanent and domineering shape that the propensity to gaming finds itself in alliance with the propensity to those other vices which have their root, as above, in the abuse made of the faculties, which nature has bestowed upon dogs and horses.
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