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1819 Sept. 19 + 5 Nov
r
Not now Art 1.
Parl. Reform Bill
Reason or Note ult
§.2. Electors Who
Qualifications rejected
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( 1) Saving as per Art. 4 and Art. 8
(Every male person of full age)
Question 1. or Note By this provision, with the exception of all such persons as are hereby specially excluded, to wit persons of the female sex, non-adults of the male sex, persons unable to read so long as they continue so, Military men in certain cases, and as per persons who at the times in question are lawfully placed /kept/ in a state of confinement, every person is admitted to contribute by his suffrage to the Election of a proposed Member of the Commons House
Admission of every person, without any exception, would be in strictness of speech, admission of universal suffrage
Admission of every person, saving those exceptions is what may be termed admission of virtually universal suffrage.
It is said to be virtually universal for this reason: namely that in this way all interests would, it is supposed be as effectually provided for as they could be or are supposed to be by strictly universal suffrage. For the Reasons
{To require a qualification is to put an exclusion upon all persons not possessed of it.}
{Correspondent to exclusion is qualification.} /Qualification is exclusion in disguise./ To establish a qualification is to put an exclusion upon all persons not possessed of it.
In the here proposed Plan of Representation certain causes of exclusion say for shortness certain exclusions, are expressly /openly/ ordained. For /Of/ each of these exclusions the reasons will here be given.
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Title: [1818 Nov. 27 C Parl. Reform Bill]Description: 1818 Nov. 27 C Parl. Reform Bill Reasons {'.1 Seats} & Districts '.2 Electors Who Universality Exclusions & Non Readers 12 1 Question 1. Are there no other persons on whom the /this/ here-proposed plan puts an exclusion? Or else say. Why is an exclusion put upon non-readers? {Answer. Yes: two others: to wit 1. Non-readers: persons not possessed of the faculty of reading: of reading printed books and papers, printed in the language of the country. 2. In certain circumstances, persons subject to military command: such as Soldiers, Seamen in government service, Artillery-men and even Militia men.} Question 2. On what ground is it that Non-readers are proposed to be excluded? How is it that by an exclusion applied to these cases the principle of virtually universal suffrage would not be contravened? Answer. The excluding of Non-Readers is the necessary result of, or rather is in other words the same thing with, the requiring /numbering/ the possession of this faculty among the circumstances the [...?] of which on the part of a proposed voter is rendered necessary /a qualification/ to his admission to that right /in that character/. The reasons why the possession of this endowment is required will appear in their place. {On} /What belongs to/ the present occasion is - to observe, that by the requisition[?] thus made, notwithstanding the eventual exclusion which if it be efficacious can not but be involved in it, the description of the person admitted to the exercise of that right is not in effect narrowed [...?] as will be seen at the expence of no greater quantity of time and labour than is /will be/ at the command of every individual with scarce one exception, it will depend upon himself to put himself in possession of this endowment, a highly beneficent and desirable on other accounts.
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Title: [1818 Nov r 25 A +[?] Parl. Reform]Description: 1818 Nov r 25 A +[?] Parl. Reform Bill '.1. Seats and Districts '.2. Electors Who 1 1 14 Oct.[?] 1819 Inserendienum[?]? Question 1. What is the characteristic principle of the plan of Constitutional reform exhibited by this Bill? Answer: The principle of virtually universal/ity of/ suffrage /Generosity[?] of suffrage/: Question 2. What is meant by /the use of/ the word virtually? in what does the principle of virtually universal suffrage differ from the principle of universal suffrage? Answer. According to the principle of universal suffrage {all descriptions of persons without exception would be entitled to vote:} every human being /all human beings/ presenting him or herself at any place /Election Office/ appointed for the receipt of votes, would be entitled to deliver a vote: at any Election Office; and thence unless particular arrangements were made for preventing /excluding/ such a result /an inequality/, at each one of any number of such Offices. Every human being: and thence, amongst others, all females, non-adults, persons insane and criminals[?]. According to the principle of virtually universal suffrage, of the abovementioned descriptions some only would be admitted to vote, the rest would by law /by regulation/ stand excluded. Question 3. Have /Has/ there ever been any person by whom the principle of universal suffrage, as thus described been embraced and supported? Answer. No: nor in all probability ever will be. The name ought therefore to be altogether excluded. The use of it produces confusion: by making a man not only call for that which he does not wish to have, but moreover angry with those who do not call for it.
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Title: [1818 Sept. 1. Parl. Reform Bill]Description: 1818 Sept. 1. Parl. Reform Bill + ' 2 A Exceptions Reasons ult o '.2. Electors Who Universality Exceptions 1 1 Question 1. Why seek to communicate the right in question, with the power attached to the exercise of it, to a portion of the community so large as that in question, viz. among persons of the male sex and mature age, with the exception of persons holding situations amenable to that in question all those who possess the faculty of reading, and thence on condition of their having possessed themselves of that faculty all such persons without exception? Answer Answer 1. By the limitations in question {two} /four/ descriptions and two /four/ alone are excluded: 1. viz all persons of the female sex: 2 among males all persons whose age is short of maturity; 3. Persons not possessed of the faculty of reading. 4. persons holding political situations responsible /amenable/ to that in question. 4. For placing the matter in the clearest point of view the most advantageous course seems to be - to put aside to lay out of consideration altogether in the first instance both the /the two first of the four/ classes of persons thus proposed to be excluded: when the reasons which plead in favour of the admission proposed to be given to all others have been brought to view, there will come the time, for applying them to the still more populous /numerous/ classes here proposed to be excepted: in the instance of each one of these excluded classes it will then be to be seen in the first place how far the reasons in favour of admission apply to them respectively, in the next place, whether and how far the reasons which they plead in favour of admission are [...?] opposed /counteracted/ and outweighed by counter-reasons by reasons which plead in favour of exclusion.
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