date

[clviii. 343] 1822 June 16
[clviii. 343]

1822 June 16

Economy etc

Ch. Securities for I Moral Aptitude

Expository matter

1. Parties to Corruption

2. Corruptive process what.

29. 1. Corruption supposes Corruptor corrupted Corruptee, agent and patient.

30 2. Corruptible functionaries are

1. of the supreme class

2. of the subordinate do.

31 3. In subordinate classes, comparatively so inconsiderable are its effects, they may be left unconsidered.

32 4. In the highest class, corruption supposes supreme power fractionized: in one fraction corruptor; corruptee another.

33 5. Monarchy absolute, no room for corruption: no supreme power being unfractionized: sharers in power with the Monarch, none: all others his blind instruments.

34 6. Case where fractionization thence eventual corruption has place is where people's delegates have the whole of or a share in supreme operative power, the people have with relation to it the Constitutive: in a Representative Democracy the whole: in an ordinary mixt monarchy a share.

35 7. In no government can money be conveyed extensively and permanently by the supreme (or say legislative) operative into individual hands in numbers, but thro' a supreme Executive who though supreme as to │   │ Executive is subordinate as to supreme legislative - in a Representative Democracy, President, Supreme Director etc in a Monarchy, the Monarch. By his hands, in case of corruption, is the sinister sacrifice carried on for the benefit of both parties, Corruptor and Corruptees: he then, Corruptor general, tho' not so stiled.

In his hands, are of necessity a large aggregate of lucrative offices - objects of general desire

36 8. Eventual Corruptees, functionaries of all sorts and sizes - Members of the Representative body, and their constituents included.

37. 9. By operative when in the supreme rank, viz supreme legislative, can those arrangements be made by which provision is made for the sinister sacrifice, and the corruption by which the necessary parties are engaged to concurr in the making of it. To the Legislative situation it belongs to provide the matter of wealth, matter of corruption, and of sinister sacrifice, placing it within the reach of the Supreme Executive, to distribute it in the shape of Offices etc. to them and his and their connections: having for such purposes been extracted from unwilling contributors, it thus becomes matter of sinister sacrifice.
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    38 10. Recapitulation. Corruptor General Chief of the State in Republic, President etc: in Monarchy, Monarch. Eventual Corruptees, two sets: 1. People's Representatives, possessors of or sharers in the supreme operative: 2. People themselves - their Constituents: i.e. locators and eventual dislocators.

    39 11. Process of corruption how carried on.

    Needless altogether is all concert and explanation between Corruptor and Corruptee: perceptible operation in this view, none: thence, responsibility none. Sufficient is the state of interests and situations to make known to each what will be agreeable to the other and obtain from him the object of his desires.

    40 12 To Executive Functionary, it is known that Offices etc. can not but be objects of desire to Representatives and their connections: he makes distribution of them accordingly. So to Legislative Functionary that only proportion as he keeps them on foot and causes new ones, will the Executive have them to dispose of: he makes provision for them accordingly

    41 13. From what has ever hitherto been done in these several ways in the situation in question, each learn at all times, and without error, what will be done in future.

    42 14. Thus is corruption - and that unpunishable - of the essence of the Representative System: in Republic, as well as Mixt Monarchy. In both cases, to establish Representation is to establish Corruption. No Representation, no such Corruption: no trust, no breach of trust

    43. 15. As to this point, between Democracy and mixt Monarchy behold the sole difference. Antiseptic arrangements, the nature of the case affords, by which effective corruption, and the correspondent sinister sacrifice may nearly or altogether be prevented. These a Representative Democracy may and does employ a Mixt Monarchy never has employed nor can employ: on the contrary, it minimizes the employmt. of them, and maximizes the employment of the opposite septic arrangements.

    44 16. This maximization continues, till either all difference in effect, between mixt and pure Monarchy is obliterated, or the people, exasperated past endurance by the misery produced by the consummation of the sinister sacrifice, withdraw their obedience altogether, and thus abolish the mixt Monarchy, substituting to it some other form of Government - Representative Democracy the most probable - in the state at which the human mind is arrived. Follows the description of these antisceptics.
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    In this state of things a /the/ Corrupter General sees before him two different sets of eventual corruptees: 1. the members of the Representative body constituting part and parcel of the supreme operative power; 2 the members of the supreme constitutive body those members of the community in whose hands is the supreme constitutive power with reference to those same representatives whose constituents they are /who acknowledge them/

    It is by the representatives alone in contradiction to their constituents that the particular arrangements are continued or set on foot by which through the medium of the Executive department the sinister sacrifice is made /carried on/: by constituents as such no part can be taken in it. But on the will and agency of these same constituents will to /in/ a greater or less degree depend the composition of the body of these representatives and on /to/ this as on /to/ other occasions /purposes/ the conduct of the several members To their situation it belongs to provide that which is at once chief matter of corruption and chief matter of sinister sacrifice to the Executive Chief to make application and distribution of it, among the members of the Representative body, and his and their connections

    Here then we have Corrupter General, one; the Chief of the State: in a mixt monarchy the Monarch, in a Representative Democracy the President: Eventual Corruptees two sets: corruptible on their own account the Representatives of the People: corruptible for the purpose of extending the corruption to the Representatives of the people, the people themselves in different constitutive bodies the people themselves in their character of constituents with reference to these same sharers in the supreme operative power - their Representatives
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    The case in which alone it has place is that in which by delegates of theirs in quality of /the character of their/ representatives having in the right as representatives of the people a share in the supreme operative power they in this way exercise with relation to that mass of supreme operative power, the correspondent constitutive power. These possessors of supreme operative power may be either sole possessors of it or sharers in it in conjunction with some other functionary or functionaries. In the case of an ordinary mixt Monarchy supposing that in so far as in the mixture Democracy is included one person /a functionary/ with whom they share it is the Monarch

    In no form of government ? to this bad purpose any more than to any good one can profit in any shape be conveyed for a continuance into individual hands otherwise than through the intervention of an /a Supreme/ Executive, doing or professing to do the will of the Supreme Legislators. When in the highest sphere of government, for the purpose of the sinister sacrifice, the game of corruption is carried on, it is by the hands of the Chief of the Executive Department. In a Monarchy he is the Monarch /Chief of the State to whom this subordinate Office also belongs in addition to whatsoever share it happens to him to possess in the supreme operative, commonly stiled the legislative./ in a representative democracy he is also the Chief of the State by whatsoever appellative distinguished whether it be /such as/ President, Supreme Director, Protector or any other

    In either of these cases there exists a functionary, by who to this purpose without his being recognized, not the less effectually is exercised a function which may be termed that of Corrupter General. For in him /his hands, as will be seen/ from the very necessity of the case is /must be/ the disposal of a multitude of offices: in a greater or less degree these offices can not but be in the eyes of the members of the community be in an indefinite multitude, objects of general desire. Here then we have a functionary acting /operating/ whether he will or no in the character of Corrupter General: and on the other part persons in indefinite number functionaries of all sorts included occupying the situation of persons exposed to corruption, exposed to the being his corruptees.

    ? Note making a salvo in the case of a minute /small/ Democracy.