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[clviii. 345]
1822 May 26
Economy etc
Ch. Securities for I Moral Aptitude
Interests identified
1. First security, interests individual and universal identified.
Compleat is this security in so far as by all, in so far as depends on Government equal to all is the participation of good and evil.
2. Compleat the opposition of rulers to people's interest, in so far as rulers have more good and less evil.
3. By each man, on each occasion, that course of action will be pursued which in his eyes at the moment promises most good to himself. In so far as, in consequence of his actions in this view, good befalls the rest of the community, the identification of his interest with the people's has been compleat.
4. The identification has place in so far as in consequence of his acting in pursuit of his own interest, the interest of the whole is advanced by such his action: its good being encreased, or its evil diminished
5. Efficient cause of identification of interest, community of good and evil.
6. Required by greatest number's greatest happiness that, on each occasion, this identification have place: that, on every occasion, by encrease given by each man to his own happiness do. be given to the universal happiness: and by diminution effected by him in the universal happiness, diminution of his own be effected likewise.
7. Of his influence, the efficiency being given, his conduct will be favorable or unfavorable to universal happiness according to the degree in which this identification has had place.
( Go on with this.)
8. or 1. Opposite to identification, oppositeness of individual to universal interest i.e. of interest to duty.
9. or 2. Cause of such oppositeness 1. Law. 2. Delinquency.
10. or 3. Consequences where law is the cause.
1. Evil maximized.
2. Difficulty of cure maximized.
3. Moral turpitude of the authors maximized.
4. Form of the Government the original cause.
5. This form unchanged, cure impossible.
11 or 4. Where the evil has the law for its cause, by the legislature and rulers for the time being, it is conceived to be their interest that the evil shall exist: viz whether they give creation, or only preservation: here, it has for its proximate cause their will.
12. On the largest scale then are depredation, oppression, etc. perpetually committed, and with impunity and without hope of redress or relief.
13. Government is then the worst or aggregate of all nuisances: support to it, hostility to the people.
14. In so far as the state of law and government is the cause of the evil, government being so constituted that by it the interest of the rulers has been made opposite to universal do., it has for its cause that inaptitude which is opposite to moral appropriate aptitude: in so far as not law etc. but individual delinquency, that which is opposite to intellectual and active aptitude.
15. Intellectual aptitude, when deficient in rulers, appropriate supply may effectually be afforded by any hand, how obscure soever - viz appropriate information.
Moral aptitude there deficient, all such information is useless: either it will not be attended to, or will not be put to use: of the offer, not gratitude but hatred will be the effects: the more pressing the offer, the stronger the determination to exclude the community from the benefit
16. In this state of things, sole remedy, abatement of this nuisance: substitution of a form conducive to universal interest to the one thus opposite.
17. Useless remedy, change of rulers: receiving the same situations, new rulers receive the same sinister interests with the old: exposure to the same situations, same insensibility to all tutelary sanctions: necessarily they pursue the same sinister course. Whole official Establishment a ship infested at all times with the same plague.
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Title: [[xxxviii. 6] 1822 May 26 Economy]Description: [xxxviii. 6] 1822 May 26 Economy etc /Constitut. Code/ Ch.2 Securities for moral aptitude Security 1. Identification of governors /rulers/ with governed's /subjects/ interest. .1. In what it consists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 .2. Necessity of this identification to greatest happiness etc. 6. 7. .3. How it has place when the supreme operative power is in the delegates of all the inhabitants .4 Opposition of rulers to subjects interest trustees to principals interest - its detrimental consequences with relation to greatest happiness etc 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. .5 Modes of inaptitude on the part of rulers, in so far as such oppositeness has place. 14. 15 .6. In case of extensive oppositeness sole remedy against misrule, change of form of government, change of functionaries useless. 16. 17. 7 Different ways in which this security applies to the situation of supreme constitutive and that of supreme operative functionaries. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 Ch.3 Security 2. Subordinateness of supreme operative to supreme constitutive functionaries. .1. For producing this subordinateness what modes of subordination apt /applicable/, what unapt. .2. Apt mode 1. Dislocability of the subordinates by the superordinates, periodically applied .3. Do incidentally applied. .4. Apt mode 2. Punibility of the subordinates by the superordinates .5. Unapt modes: viz. 1. Inability to originate measures without concurrence of the superordinate. 2. Need of cooperation of do 3. Suspensibility of measures by do 4. Cessability of measures by do Ch. Security 3. Diminution of supreme Operative functionaries power by other means.
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Title: [[clviii. 346] 1822 May 29 Economy]Description: [clviii. 346] 1822 May 29 Economy etc. Ch Securities for I Moral Aptit. Interests identified 18. or 1. Difference in respect of this Salutary identification between the situation of the possession of the Constitutive power, where they are the people at large, and the situation of the possessors of the supreme operative power. In the former case, the identification is already accomplished: in the other, it remains to be accomplished: to be effected as nearly as possible. 19. or 2. Functionaries always the same: sole exceptions, changes made by birth │ │: death, emigration, cession active. 20. or 3. Thus are simplicity and efficiency maximized. 24. or 4. The thing here to be done accordingly is not taking a certain class and making their interest identical with universal do., but taking those whose interest is the universal do., and lodging the power in their hands. 22. or 5. In the case of the supreme operative power, those who are to be possessors of it, not being the do. of the constitutive power, their interests can not be identical: on points │ │ they can not but be opposite. To render them perfectly identical will scarce be possible. To render them as near to identical as possible, will require no small labour. No labour can be too great. To their power of making the sinister sacrifice, every limit should be applied that can be so without preponderant detriment to their power of accomplishing the only right and proper end. This mode of subordination is do. by dislocability. 23. or 6. Course to be taken in this view. 1. Give to possessors of supreme operative power, power to do every thing imaginable, save as excepted by detrimental limitations explicitly applied to it Limitative 1. Subordination by dislocability to Constituents. Consequence and use. So far as, on Constituents' judgment, they pursue a course conducive to the right and proper end, they will be continued in place: whenever they pursue an opposite course, they will be dislocated. What the regulator is to the main spring, Constituents' power is thus to operatives.
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Title: [[clviii. 351] 1822 May 15 Economy]Description: [clviii. 351] 1822 May 15 Economy etc Ch Securities for I Moral Aptitude .2.I. Identification of interests 2. or 1. Identification of personal with universal interest how effected in the highest grades. 1. Constitutive power as to supreme operative in all members, asigned causes of exclusion excepted: its Fractionization thus maximized 2. Fractionizing supreme operative power - the fraction not exercising it, but in conjunction: viz in an assembly. 3. Rendering supreme operative functionaries responsible to do. constitutive. 3 or 2. Q. Are there any members of the community whom on any account the greatest happiness principle pronounces unapt for participation in the constitutive power with relation to the supreme operative do. A. Yes: all presumably not adequately possessed of appropriate aptitude 4. or 3. Q. Who are they. As to moral aptitude none. No moral inaptitude being greater than what is constituted by disposition to sacrifice the interest of all others to self-interest: and where equal power towards accomplishment of this wish is given to all, nothing better can be done for universal interest. 5. or 4. Q. As to intellectual aptitude any? A. Yes: namely 1. All disqualified as to appropriate judgmt. by immaturity of age. 2. - or as to appropriate scientific aptitude, by inability to read and give assent or dissent by writing: provided there be persons thus apt in sufficient number to constitute an interest not disagreeing with the universal do. 6. or 5. Q. Age, what at which relative immaturity should cease? A. that at which it should cease with relation to general self government. 7. or 6. Q. What is that? A. Arbitrary division here unavoidable - custom may therefore determine 1. Per Rome bred law 25. years. 2. Per English bred, 21. English term of immaturity full long - Reason silent or hesitating - Custom a useful arbiter. From departure from custom, disappointment: from disappointment, pain.
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