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29 Aug. 1801
Polit. Economy
E
9
Method
Finances
Taxation
Foreign capital obtained on loans is doubly useful: at the time of borrowing
/contracting debt/, by diminishing the /that/ consumption of capital, by which
the mass of growing wealth is diminished: at the time of paying off debt, by
diminishing that inordinate encrease of capital, by which as if it were by an
unproductive income tax the income of money'd men is reduced.(a)
Ever since the existence of Government Annuities, men have cried out against the
Annuitants, especially such of them as are foreigners as so many drones and
bloodsuckers: with as much reason might they cry out against the Baker they deal
with as a bloodsucker for taking money for his bread.
The quantity of foreign capital that in an unascertainable but always a very
considerable quantity has always been sent by foreigners for the purchase of
British Government Annuities has been a fruit and evidence of probity and good
faith.
Note
(a) If however the quantity of capital employ'd by foreigners in the purchase of
British Government Annuities has been such as to produce an influx of the
materials of money, and thence of money to such an amount as to overballance the
increase in the same time in the mass of vendible commodities, and thereby to
produce encrease of prices depretiation of money, and indirect income tax, so
much as operates in that character does thereby more harm than good. But without
the addition to money by paper money, addition of this sort would hardly have
taken place.
Similar Items
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Title: [14 March 1804. III. 7, 8, 9]Description: 14 March 1804. III. 7, 8, 9 K Political Economy - Finance 1 1. Financial operations 1. acceleration of increase 2. prevention of decrease. p.1. 2. Cause of decrease - Taxes. p.1. 3. A tax if it operates directly is a discouragemt to the production of the article taxed, an encouragement to rival articles. p.1. 4. Hence the care taken to tax ourselves rather than foreigners. p.2. 5. Operations of Finance two. Receipt of Disbursement. p.3. 6. Disbursement is - 1. at large 2. in discharge of Loan. p.3. 7. Receipt and expenditure are - 1. of money 2. or articles of service. p.3. 8. Rule to estimate the eligibility of any measure - Compare the benefit of it with the burthen of the tax to raise the money for it. p.3. 9. Comfort is diminished by taxes in proportion as they are taken from /out of/ Income. 10. Future wealth is diminished by taxes in proportion as they are taken from capital. p.4. 11. Taxes therefore diminish /retard/ growing wealth when taken - 1. from capital. 2. from income part of which would otherwise have been laid out to be employed as capital. p.4. 12. War taxes are to their amount so much taken from growing wealth, minus the profit on the purchased articles. p.5. 13. By discharge of Debt the Annuitants give up their interest, & the community is exonerated from paying it - those who receive it give up nothing in return for it. p.{5}/6/. 14. Encrease of wealth by discharge of debt has been beyond comparison greater than by any direct measures. p.6. 15. Indirect taxes are limited by smuggling, the consequence of the imperfection of the laws. p.7. 16. Taxes on property direct, on consumption indirect. 8. 17. Taxes on capital are to their whole amount taken from growing wealth - on Income to the amount of the saving only. p.8. 18 Direct taxes are borne unequally 19. Advantages of obtaining foreign capital in Loans - 1. at borrowing it diminishes the consumption of capital. 2. at paying off it diminishes the burthen on fixed Incomists. p.9. 20 With as good reason might men dislogise Bakers, as foreign Annuitants. 19(c) In so far as the purchase of Annuities by foreigners has been by the materials of money it has been mischievous by producing the indirect Income Tax.
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Title: [23 Aug. 1801 Polit. Economy]Description: 23 Aug. 1801 Polit. Economy Method III. Non Agenda /[...?]/ 2. Encreasing Money 1 5 {III Non Agenda - Cases in which, and measures by which, the end will not be promoted by any interference on th part of Government. Among Non-Agenda the heads of most importance are as follows - {1. Adding to pecuniary wealth, under the notion of making an addition thereby to real wealth. 2. Giving birth or encrease to this or that particular branch of wealth, under the notion of giving an encrease thereby to the aggregate of the mass of wealth.} 1. Making, promoting or suffering additions to pecuniary wealth, under the notion of making an addition thereby to real wealth. The whole of the pecuniary wealth at market will at all times, whether more or less be worth the whole of the real wealth at market. Adding /Introducing/ more money into the market does but depretiate /diminish/ the value of the pre-existing mass of money - it adds nothing to either quantity or value in the way of use, on the part of other things. {What is done by money towards producing an encrease of wealth is done only by encreasing the quantity of the money employ'd in the shape of capital, at the expense of the money employ'd in expenditure of incomes and this encrease of the ratio of capital to income may be made to equal amount with the unencreased mass of money as with the same mass with encrease.} By doubling his quantity of money, an individual indeed, whose whole property is in money, doubles that instant his quantity of wealth: - why? because he thereby doubles this share he is able to purchase in that mass, the whole of which is equal in value to the whole mass of purchaseable wealth. But suppose all other}
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Title: [30 Oct 1801 A Political Economy]Description: 30 Oct 1801 A Political Economy Method 3 {Non-Agenda - I. Broad Measures. I Narrow Measures I. Broad Measures- applying to all sources of wealth without distinction I. Forced Frugality: Adding to National Capital (real capital) by money raised on purpose: which must be by taxes. Of all ineligible measures, this is the least ineligible, and most effective. The objection is that it is a defalcation from individual property, without necessity. When National Debt is paid off, it produces this effect, without the objection. The money produced by taxes (imposed principally on income) is, in the buying in or paying off of the Government Annuities, in which the debt consists, put into the hands of the expelled Annuitants, who, to make it afford them an income as before must employ it themselves in the shape of capital, or lend it to others who will employ it in that shape. II. Encreasing money: an indirect Income tax. Labour not money is the real source of wealth All hands, being employ'd and employ'd in the most advantageous manner, wealth could admitt of no further encrease: but money could be encreasable ad infinitum.[Marginal note:] ? on Fixed-incomists. III Reducing interest: viz: the lawful rate of interest on money borrowed by individuals of individuals. A direct and (to the state) unproductive income-tax, on those whose source of income arises out of a mass of money lent out at interest. In Ireland, Ao 1788 or thereabouts this was proposed in the House of Commons as a means of encreasing wealth, but rejected after a great struggle. IV. Encreasing Land: viz: by Colonization: eligible when there is a prospect of a deficiency of land with reference to population: ineligible in every other point of view. The taxes borne by the Mother Country are not diminished by it, but encreased. In the British Empire at least it is a principle that all expences - establishments civil military, naval - and occasional wars - are to be borne by the Mother Country. The capital employ'd in the cultivation of the Colonies by the Mother Country, is so much sent out of it without adequate return. Bryan Edwards, even in magnifying the utility of colonies, makes the rati of profit upon capital so employ'd but 7 per Cent: the common calculation gives for profit on capital employ'd within the Mother Country, 15 per Cent. Whatever capital is bestowed upon this employment is so much taken from other more lucrative ones.
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