JB_017_255.xml

Title: [17 Mar. 1804 Ch. 2. Leading Features]

Description: 17 Mar. 1804

Ch. 2. Leading Features.

'.3.I. Wealth. 3. Non Agenda.

Broad Measures

1. Forced Frugality

10

1

54

{ '.3.I. Wealth. - 3. Non Agenda

1. Measures which present themselves in the character of Non Agenda, may be

distinguished into Broad Measures, and Narrow Measures: broad measures, having

for their effect, or their object, the augmentation of wealth in all its shapes,

without distinction: narrow measures, having for their object the augmentation

of wealth, by the encrease of profit-seeking industry, in this or that

particular branch in preference to others, under the notion of its producing

more wealth in that than in others.

Examples of Broad Measures -

1. Forced Frugality: - National Opulence promoted, or endeavoured to be

promoted, at the expence of justice. National wealth, without regard to the

particular shape, encreased or endeavoured to be encreased, by the application

of money in the shape of capital, that money raised (as of course it must be) by

taxes: taxes imposed on property or expenditure as the case may be. Necessity,

(viz. for the application, of the wealth thus produced, to the purpose either of

subsistence or defence) is here out of the question: for necessity, in either of

those its branches, constitutes a distinct ground, mentioned further on. -

Injustice the first;-} /On the other hand the application of money raised by

taxes in the shape of Capital to the endeavour to promote National opulence can

only be carried into effect at the Expence of Justice - In the first place it

operates unjustly by &c/ forcing a man to labour, though it were for his own

benefit, where he wishes to enjoy. Injustice the second;- /It operates unjustly

in the second place by &c/ forcing one man to labour for the sake of

encreasing the enjoyments of another man: - encreasing his enjoyments, or rather

the stock of the instrument of enjoyment in his hands: for all that government

can do in behalf of enjoyment, otherwise than by security, is - to encrease the

quantity of the mass of instruments of enjoyment: application of these

instruments in such manner as to produce actual enjoyment, depends altogether

upon the individual, & is an effect altogether out of the reach of governmt.

(a) p.19

JB_017_201.xml

Title: [30 Oct. 1801 27 Aug. 1801 C]

Description: 30 Oct. 1801

27 Aug. 1801

C 3

Polit. Economy

Method

III. Non Agenda

I. Broad Measures

3. Encouragement

4[?] Encreasing Land

{3}6 Colonies

1

6. Colonization {is} {or at least was} was a folly grafted on a folly.

Encouragement to new productive industry exercised at home, gave actual

production /wealth/ for actual production /wealth/. Colonization, for actual

wealth gives /gave nothing but/ contingent; contingent, which at the best was

distant, and of which the realization was in all cases uncertain, in some

hopeless. The capital employed in the exportation and maintenance of the

colonists and their stock would if employ'd at home at any rate have added

something to the annually growing wealth as well as population and thence the

defencible security of the home territory, by the whole amount of it. Of the

maintenance /produce/ of the Colonists when settled in the Colony it is only a

part that would be exported to the home /mother/ country and constituted a

portion of its /be added to the mass of its/ wealth.

In point of wealth /quantity/ and population, Europe has lost by colonies. The

only gain, if any, is that which consists in mere enjoyment, and that so far,

and no farther, as it depends on novelty and variety in regard to the articles

or instruments of enjoyment: the use of sugar /using sugar cane sugar/ instead

of honey or beet or maple sugar - the making tea, coffee and chocolate

breakfasts instead of the meat and ale breakfasts that contented Queen

Elizabeth: the adding cochineal and indigo to our {blue} dies, instead of being

confined to woad, Prussian Blue and a few others: the using: the using cochineal

and garnetts for dying our clothes, instead of other reds of somewhat inferior

brilliancy.

JB_017_156.xml

Title: [nd [wm 1800] Ch. 2. Leading Features]

Description: nd [wm 1800]

Ch. 2. Leading Features.

'.2. Wealth. 2. Non Agenda

4

2

Non Agenda may be distinguished into - I. Broad Measures - II. Narrow Measures.

I. Broad Measures, applying to all sources of wealth, without distinction.

I. Forced Frugality. Adding to National Capital (real capital) by money raised

on purpose; which must be by Taxes. Of all ineligible measures this is the least

ineligible, and most effective. The objection is - that it is a defalcation from

individual property without necessity. The addition /collation/ how great soever

the ratio of it to the defalcation /ablation/ is not compatible with justice:

the defalcation is from the property of Paul; the addition is to the property of

Peter.(a)

II. Encreasing Money: an indirect Income Tax on fixed-incomists. Labour, not

money, is the real source of wealth. All hands being employed, and employed in

the most advantageous manner, wealth could admitt of no further encrease: but

money would be encreasable ad infinitum.(b)

III. reducing Interest: viz. the lawful rate of Interest of money, borrowed by

individuals of individuals: - a direct and (to the state) unproductive

Income-Tax, on those whose Income arises out of a mass of money lent out at

Interest. In Ireland, in 1788 or thereabouts, this was proposed as a means of

increasing wealth, but rejected after a {great} /hard/ struggle.(c) +

IV. Increasing Land: viz. by Colonization: eligible, when there is a prospect of

deficiency of land with reference to Population: ineligible, in every other

point of view. The Taxes borne by the Mother Country are not diminished by it,

but increased. In the British Empire at least, it is a principle - that all

expences - in establishments civil, military, and naval, and occasional wars,

are

(a) Notes p.1

(b) Notes p.2.

(c) Notes. p.3

+ To Dumont. The defence of navy[?], which I sat over at the time contributed to

throw out the measure: as Parnel[?] their Chancr of the Exchequer, very good

[...?] to acknowledged [...?].

[Marginal note:] Interest is the price for the use of capital. As capital abounds

becomes more abundant (in [...?] of [...?]) the price of it, as any other

commodity lessens. By [...?] the price while [...?] should be permitted to }