JB_017_230.xml

Title: [31 Aug. 1801 Polit. Economy]

Description: 31 Aug. 1801

Polit. Economy

A 4

Method D

I. Sponte Acta

II. Notice[?]

13

25

The Operations by which an encrease of the matter of wealth is produced or promoted may be reduced under the following principal heads /thus enumerated/, viz:

1. Discovery viz: of the source of the raw material, or portion of matter in an unimproved state

2. Discovery of this or that portion of land considered as the source from which raw materials /portions of matter in an unimproved state/ are extracted.

3. Extraction: viz. of the raw material from the portion of land which is the source of it / from whence it is extracted/.

JB_099_186.xml

Title: [[186-8. Dates 26, 27, 29 Aug 1801]]

Description: [186-8. Dates 26, 27, 29 Aug 1801]

Polit. Economy Analysis

26 Aug. 1801

[Col. 1]

1.

I. Final Cause Well-being, its—modifications, arranged in the order of their importance, are

1. Subsistence (present).

2. Security in respect of 1. Future subsistence. 2. Defence.

3. Enjoyment—mere enjoyment distinct from subsistence.

2.

Causes of Wealth

/II/I./ Material—Matter

/III/II/. Efficient—Motion

/I?III/ Final—Well-being

3.

II. Matter

I. Sources.

1. Land (dry.)

2. Water i:e: Land covered with water

4.

II. Modifications or states

1. Unimproved: viz: 1. Mineral. 2. Vegetable. 3. Animal.

[Col. 2]

5.

I. Land—the source of the materials of which in an unimproved or improved state the matter of wealth is composed.

II. Materials of wealth in an unimproved state.

6.

Subject matters of human Labour.

I. Matter in a state unimproved: viz: 1. Mineral 2. Vegetable 3. Animal

7.

II. In a state improved which can only be by Motion employed in the way of 1. Simple Composition. Paints by coloured [...?], ochre mixt with oils of fish or nuts. 2. Simple analysis or decomposition. Production of black[?] from burning kelp. 3. Formation or Fabrication.

9.

III. Operations being so many ways of applying labour to materials.

1. Discovery (a)

(a) Examples of Discovery without

a

) Celestial bodies.

2. Extraction.

3. Importation (if the place be exterior to the territory in question)

4. Naturalization (in case of vegetables).

5. Improvement.

6. Preservation.

7. Local conveyance.

8. Exchange.

9. Exportaction.

10. Employment.

[Col. 3]

/8/5/

III. Motion.

I. Sources or Primum Mobiles

1. Inanimate.

2. Animate.

/9/6/.

Inanimate

1. /Water/Liquids by gravity.

2. by expansion and contraction.

3. by /expansion/conversion/ into gas (steam) by union with caloric and re-contraction.

2. Air atmospherical by

1. Gravity—Expansion and contraction—Wind.

/10/7/.

Animate—of Animals

1. Irrational—viz. cattle

2. Rational—Man—viz. by Labour.

[Col. 4]

/11/8/.

Operations are modifications of the efficient cause acting upon a modification or modifications of Matter the material cause with a view to a modification or modifications of the final cause are

1. Discovery (a)

2. Extraction (b)

3. Importation if the spot from whence the extracted be exterior to the territory in question.

/4./5./ Naturalization (in case of vegetables and animals).——

[Col.3]

5. Propagation of

1. Vegetables

2. Animals viz: by permission of sexual intercourse. Propagation is to extraction what Exportation is to Importation.

[Col. 4]

5. Improvement.

5* Purifiaction of water.

6. Preservation.

7. Conveyance (local, national).

8. Conveyance (legal). (Conveyance of the legal right of employing a thing.)

9. Exportation.

9.* Weighing and measuring and counting [...?]

10. Use.

11. Formation (Fabrication a species of it.)

[Col. 5]

12.

(a) Motion = Labour. Matter =Materials.

In every Operation Land (dry or covered with water) Materials (moveable portions of the substance or produce of land) and Labour must be jointly concerned. Whatever be the Operation (Common Operation) it must be performed by human labour, on a certain set of materials, resting or moving on a certain spot of land. But as neither land can be acted upon nor made subservient to human use or well-being but by labour nor materials /acted upon/prepared for use/, nor so much as extracted, without labour—in that respect labour may be considered as the sole source of wealth—[...?] of every modification of wealth may be referred to labour as to its efficient cause.

[Col. 6]

13.

All encrease—all motion referable to Labour

Though labour (human labour) is but one of several sources of motion, yet still, what ever is derived from any of the other sources, towards the encrease of wealth, may be referred to human labour as its cause: because motion when produced from any of those other sources though it thereby saves a proportion of human labour which would have been required to produce the effect without their assistance, still labour non-human in so far as it is made subservient to any of those ends which human labour proposes to itself requires a concomitant portion of human labour to give it birth, or direction, or both.

All modes of giving encrease to wealth, are referrable to labour: to the encreasing or husbanding of labour or husbandry (i:e: preserving) the fruit or produce of it.

[Col. 7]

14.

Capital (real

(pecuniary

Capital is the fruit or produce of antecedent labour applied, in conjunction with present labour, to the giving encrease positive or negative to the existing mass of wealth.

15.

Capital is either (real (physical) or else pecuniary i:e: money.

Real is either

1. Productive Stock [...?] or productive

2. Stock produced (Finished work)

15

* Summary capital—money employ’d as capital officiates in that character by being given in exchange for the articles of real capital is composed, or for the labour by which they are rendered subservient to the end in view which is the final cause of the establishment.

[Col. 8]

16.

Preservation = negative encrease

Encreasee of wealth is either positive or negative: effected by operations of the positive cast, or by operations of the negative cast.

1. Positive encrease is by production.

2. Negative encrease is by preservation.

17.

Preservation is either by immediate agency or by remote agency.

18.

Preservation by immediate agency is by counteracting the influence of the causes of depirition or disappearance. Preservation by remote agency is by destroying [Col. 9] or removing the instruments of which the agency is the cause of destruction.

19.

Uses Immediate and Subservient.

An article of wealth is either of immediate or remote (or, say subservient) use: immediate, where it is itself applicable to one or other of the three ends, subsistence, security or enjoyment. remote or subservient where it contributes no otherwise to any of them than with reference to some other article which is of immediate use and which it renders or contributes to render applicable to Real[?] use.

20.

Articles of subservient or remote use may be distinguished into articles of which the subserviency is of the first, second, third removes, and so it is with reference to articles of immediate use.

[Col. 10]

21.

Articles of subservient use are

1. Ground—(portions of land for a [...?] or substratum)

2. Receptacles

3. Materials

4. Instruments

22.

Instruments are

1. Tools.

2. Machines (having parts that are fixed: + either 1. absolutely, or 2. with relation to the rest.

+ Fixed are 1. Supports and Head-masts[?]

2. Guides[?]

23.

Receptacles are either 1. Immediate (with reference to the thing contained in them) or

2. Remote—which may be of the 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd remove and so on.

24.

Receptacles (of the last remove) are either

25.

1. Stationary or

2. Ambulatory.

Stationary are either

1. Erections

2. Excavations.

Ambulatory are

1. Carriages (Land carriages)

2. Vessels Water carriages

25.

* Money an article of subservient use with reference to things vendible.

JB_099_187.xml

Title: [Polit. Economy 27 Aug 1801 [Col 1]

Description: Polit. Economy 27 Aug 1801

[Col 1]

I. Sponte Acta

First steps in an Analysis in the form of an Encyclopedical Tree shewing how to draw a circle round the subject and how to invent or discover what remains to be invented or discovered in this field of knowledged.

[Col. 2]

26.

Agents.

Beings considered as sources of motion are termed Agents.

27.

Agents considered in respect of the degree in which the effect is dependent on those who are

1. Principal

2. Subordinate

28.

Among agents all that are not animals, and among animals all that are not human are of course subordinate.

29.

Among human agents, every individual is subordinate with reference to those of whom is composed the government under which he lives.

30.

1. Discovery Corporal

1. Objects of Discovery—in respect to modes[?] put 1. /Things themselves/[...?] things/ in the forms in which they exist previous to the disscovery.

/1./I/ Portion of Land.

31.

/2./II./ All bodies in an unimproved state. viz:

1. Mineral

2. Vegetable

3. Animal

32.

III. Articles in an improved or even factitious state, in the event of their having been lost i.e. so circumstanced that either their existence or their situation is unknown.

33.

IV. Celestial Bodies. See Extraction 41.

34.

II. Ideal

II. Modes of giving birth to things of a new form or species.

[Col. 5]

35.

2. Extraction Modes

By extraction separation of a thing from the body which is its natural source viz. Land dry or covered with water.

36.

Examples of it are—as applied to

I. Minerals

1. Digging out

2. Pounding

3. Smelting

4. Carrying away

37.

II. Vegtables

1. Felling (Timber)

2. Cutting ([...?])

3. Gathering Fruits

4. Digging up Roots

38.

III. Animals

Beasts Birds

1. Cathing by the chase

2. by shooting

3. by deceipt as by traps bait &c.

4. Catching fish in any of the above or other ways.

[Col. 6]

39.

2. Extraction

3. Importation

A portion of matter condisered as a raw material is either of home growth or foreign growth.

40.

In case of home growth an operation necessary to be performed in all cases, and the first that is necessary in all cases is Extraction.

41.

In this case an operation by which that of Extraction is preceded in some cases, not preceded in others is Discovery. See 30.

42.

If of foreign growth, then the first operation that comes to be performed upon it on home ground, is Importation: which is to home articles what extraction is to foreign articles.

[Col. 7]

43.

4. Naturalization.

5. Improvement

Preservation.

4. Naturalization supposes previous importation either of the individual article itself or of the parent stock.

44.

It is a sort of negative improvement: the absence of deperition or deterioration.

45.

5. Improvement is a title applicable to home-produced and imported articles.

46.

6. Preservation is a sort of negative improvement: it is the absence of deperition and deterioration.

Sources of The distrinction belonging to this head—

1. Qualities in respect of which the deterioration may take place

2. Efficient Causes of the deterioration or deperition.

[Col. 8]

47.

Conveyance

{Physical

{Legal

7. Conveyance.

local

The labour employd in conveyance is a charge bearing in a greater or less degree on almost every article home-produced or imported—improved or unimproved—on every article/except/except the fruit a man plucks and cuts as he sits under ‘his own vine or his own fig tree’

48.

8. Conveyance legal of the rights of property concerning the article form one proprietor to another.

49.

This species of conveuyance is a natural /tho/and/ usual accompaniment of the other, but not a necessary one. Rum may go from a mans plantation in Jamaica to his house in London without change of proprietorship. A table may be sold or given by the [...?] inhabitant of one room in a house to the inhabitant of the next, with very little change of place.

[Col. 9]

50.

9. Exportation

9. Exportation. By exportation of /any article/any part of the matter of wealth from the home country to a foreign country the mass of wealth in the home country can not in a direct way receive any encrease.

51.

But, /unless/except/ in the case where a thing is exported gratis from the home country to the foreign country (as in the case of a /present/gift/, a tribute or a pledge) exportation from the home country is /a/an/ event necessarily connected either as a condition precedent or a condition subsequent with importation into it.

[Col. 10]

52.

10. Employment.

10. Employment.

An article of rude produce may be employd by being employd either in the way of immediate use, or in the way subservient or remote use.

53.

Employed in either way it will be employd in the way either of prompt consumption or consumption more or less slow and gradual, according to its nature.

54.

Of employment in the way of subservient use whatsoever is not included in Extraction, may be referred to fabrication.

55.

A branch of fabrication is manufacturing, but the word manufacturing is seldom applied but[?] on the supposition that to those articles when fabricated is destined to become the subject matter of exchange in a commercial way—in the way of trade.