date

1823 Feb¼y¼. 20. Greece Constitut
1823 Feb¼y¼. 20.

Greece Constitut. Code matter occasioned by Greece

?.1. Proper end of government what. 1. 2. 3. 4

?.2. Competent judges of what is most conducive to that end, who: over all or greatest number. 5

?.3. From contributing to the formation of that judgment and consequent will, shall any and who be excluded 6. 7.

?.4. 1. Females? 8.

?.5. 2. Non©Adults. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15

?.6. 3. Non©readers. 16. 17.

?.7. 4. Mahometans. 18. 19

?.8. Necessary to maximization of greatest numbers' happiness is maximization of the efficiency of dos will. 20. 21. 22.

?.8. Means of maximizing efficiency of greatest numbers will Operation by Delegates: their inducement to operate towards the proper end. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

?.9. Hence two bodies each possessed of supreme power in its own line: viz. Sup. Constitutive and Sup. Operative. But the Sup. Operative must be subordinate to and dependent for its power on the Sup. Constitutive. 30. 31.

?.10. Of the Sup. Operative the strictness of dependence on the will of the Sup. Constitutive should be maximized. 32.

?.11. From the Supreme Operative must be detached the Sup. Executive: remains above it, the Supreme Legislative. 33. 34. 35. 36. 39

?.12. Subordinate proper ends 1. Expence minimized 37. 38

?.13. 2. Aptitude maximized 39. 40. to 53.
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  • Title: [[xxxviii. 174] 1822 June 18 Consult]
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     1. Law - its branches

    1. Branches of the body of the law, are

    1. the Operative.

    2. the Constitutive

    Operative is composed of the Penal and Civil

    2. By Constitutional branch are determined the powers and duties of functionaries, and the acts, events, and states of things by which they are located and dislocated - made to begin, and cease to be so.

    3. By the whole together is expressed the aggregate of the wills declared by the supreme operatives at the point of time in question, expressed by all anterior do. included, except in so far as the contrary has been declared.

    .2. Government - its ends proper and sinister

    4. Sole right and proper end of Government, greatest happiness etc. of all, so far as the happiness of any one can be encreased, without lessening to a greater amot., do. of any other or others of the greatest number, so far as that is not the case.

    5. Of happiness or say good thus produced the net amount will be directly as do. produced inversely as do. destroyed, or say evil produced.

    6. Included in the essence of Government is evil. Only by creating obligations can Government be carried on. To govern is to do evil - to govern well, is to do the least evil that the greatest good may come.

    7. A Government's goodness is as the appropriate aptitude of its laws and operations with reference to that end.

    8. External circumstances the same, this aptitude will be as the aptitude of the functionaries by whom the laws have been made, the operations performed.

    9. Taken by itself, all expence is evil.

    For remembrance and standard of reference, hence these aphorisms.

    1. Sole proper end of Government, greatest happiness etc.

    2. Immediately subordinate direct means, functionary's appropriate aptitude maximized: do. collateral, expence minimized.
  • Title: [1823. Feb. 21 Greece Beginning]
    Description: 1823. Feb. 21

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    The greatest happiness etc /principle/ requires that the power of the Executive department be lodged in a single hand. Reasons © 1. Certainty of the conformity of the functionary's conduct to the will of the Supreme Operative /Legislative/ maximized. 2. Promptitude of execution, maximized: 3. Responsibility to legal and popular sanctions maximized: 4. Expence minimized.

    The greatest happiness principle requires that the immediate displacing of this functionary be at all times in the power of the Legislative. Reason. Certainty of conformity as above. By no other means could any such certainty be produced, or any approach to it made. If for a day together it were in the power of this functionary to resist the declared will of the supreme Legislative, he would thereby for and during that time be in possession of an equal share in the legislative power in addition to the whole of the Executive.
  • Title: [[xxxviii. 176] 1822 June 18 Consult]
    Description: [xxxviii. 176]

    1822 June 18 Consult 1823 June 30

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     4 Powers of Government

    1. Powers of Government are I. in functions

    1. Operative what

    2. Constitutive what.

    2. II in rank.

    1. Supreme, or

    2. Subordinate

    3. 1. In function again Supreme operative

    1. Supreme Legislative.

    2. Supreme Executive.

    4. Supreme Legislative what? By its laws and ordinances in pursuit of its end imposes and takes off obligations on all persons, in relation to all persons and all things, places, and eventually all times, obligations not annullable or variable by other power in the state.

    5. Supreme Executive, in so far as needful, is exercised in giving execution and effect to all Laws and ordinances of the Supreme Legislative.

    6. In function again Supreme Executive, is

    1. Supreme Administrative.

    2. Supreme Judicial.

    7. Supreme administrative what -

    Applies to their destined uses such things and personal services as in pursuance of the above end, are placed at its special disposal for the service of the state at large by the Legislative power.

    8. Supreme Administrative power - its Departments

    I │   │ necessary

    1. Interior Affairs.

    2. Land Force.

    3. Foreign Affairs.

    4. Finance.

    II Contingently necessary

    5. Naval force.

    6. Distant dependencies.

    9. Supreme Judicial power, what -

    Causes to be applied to all persons and things, Supreme Legislative Rules and ordinances; viz. by causing execution and effect to be given to Supreme Legislative's Laws and Ordinances as above, in case of │   │ manifested or apprehended: commonly at the suit of some party, regarding himself as prejudiced by such │   │

    10. Legislative power - its exercise ordinary and extraordinary -

    1. Ordinary, on persons at large.

    2. Extraordinary, on Supreme Executive functionaries, Administrative or Judicial, in case of alledged failure of alledged duty on their part: viz. by dislocation, and if need be punition.

    14 Apr. 1823 Superseded this by Constitut Code Ch. 1