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1823 Feb. 9. 1¼o Not employed but employable or consultable
Greek Constitution
Principles
1. Self regard predominant
J.B.'s Observations
Introductory Remarks
To find the provisional Greek Constitution in so high a degree conformable to the principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest number has been matter of considerable and no less agreable surprize to me
In the examination of it a matter /truth/ which should never for a single moment be lost sight of is the universal prevalence and predominance of the propensity to self preference in human nature
So far from this propensity /universality/ being matter of doubt, it will on consideration be found that the existence of it is indispensably essential to the existence of the species: and that supposing it taken away the species would within a few months not to say weeks vanish from the face of the earth
If this be correct So far then from being a subject of well grounded denial, it is not so much as the subject of well©grounded regret, unless the existence of the species were itself a subject of well©grounded regret.
It is by its excess therefore and not by its existence that by this self©preference harm is done
Included in this self©preference is a propensity and this a constant one on the part of each individual to sacrifice to his own self©regarding interests all other interests put together.
In the case of a public functionary this sacrifice may without impropriety receive for shortness the denomination of the sinister sacrifice
Sinister propensity likely to be less strong in Greece than in Spain etc: [...?...?] being still greater: [...?...?] of [...?] still stronger
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Title: [1823 Feb. 10 Greek Constitution Observation]Description: 1823 Feb. 10 Greek Constitution Observation Principles ?.1 Self©regard predominant Contrary assurance universal ?.2 Self sacrifice how far exemplified In every political community new as well as old, old as well as new this danger is not merely a danger impending, but an evil constantly operating and constantely extending, or at least striving to extend itself. From the ruling few the subject many are continually receiving the assurance that in the breast of /by/ each the felicity of all the others has constantly the preference over his own is an object pursued to the exclusion of, or at the least in preference to his own. In this assurance if in any instance there has been a particle of truth, the instances are so rare that for the purposes of any practical conclusion and practical arrangement to be taken in consequence, they may be laid out of the account altogether and without any evil consequence On /In/ the part /breasts/ of ruling functionaries in general the proportion between the strength self©regarding affection and that social affection which has for its object the aggregate body of the community in question is naturally subjected to variation by divers circumstances No new State has ever yet been formed but at a time of general danger and proportionate excitation. The time during which this danger is at the highest is the time at which the felicity of each individual member whether in the situation of ruling functionary or only in that of subject citizen is in the highest degree dependent on that of the whole: his property, his power, his personal liberty, his very life he beholds /he feels] to be/ is a state of constant and immediate dependence upon the existence and power of the whole.
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Title: [[clx. 237] 1822 July 22 Constitut]Description: [clx. 237] 1822 July 22 Constitut. Code Rationale Introduction to the Rationale Thw whole of this work all comprehensive as it is, consists in an application made of two all-comprehensive principles: 1. a principle assertive /respective/ of propriety; a principle assertive of a /respecting an all comprehensive/ matter of fact The principle assertive of propriety is the greatest happiness /felicity/ principle. The greatest happiness of the greatest number as the only right and proper end of government: all /every/ other ends to which it is possible for the means of government to be directed are /is/ sinister ones The principle having respect to matter of fact is the self-preference principle. To prefer /Preference given to/ his own interest to all others is a universal propensity in man's nature in whatsoever situation placed. From these two springs /theoretical principles/ one practical one Would you establish a Constitution /constitute a government/ so order the powers belonging to it make such distribution /disposal/ of the powers /mass of power/ of which government that each member of it each functionary may see that his own particular interest will throughout coincide with the interest of the greatest number /the universal interest/ and this in such sort that he can not make sacrifice of /do evil to/ the universal interest without doing /thereby doing net/ evil to his own particular interest. Applied to the Constitutional branch of Law /the Pannomion/ of the field of legislation, the greatest happiness principle /the all comprehensive end/ resolves itself into two specific ones - namely 1. Aptitude maximized; 2. Expence, minimized.
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