JB_113_078v.xml

Title: [1821 Aug. 24 Codification Offer]

Description: 1821 Aug. 24

Codification Offer

'.5. Draughtsman single

namely in proportion to the /any/ influence which the subject many happen to have

in the choice and in the conduct of those same hands

To the production of so much of the felicity of the subject many as is secured as

above by their existence no exertion of the intellectual faculty on the part of

the Monarch is necessary. As to so much, between his felicity and theirs in the

quality of causes and effects no relationship in the direct line has place Of

This part the existence is therefore at all times certain: and it is the only

part that is so. But to the production of so much of their felicity to the

diminution of which a restraint is capable of being imposed by fear on his part

as above, more or less of thought /is/ on his part is necessary. For fear of

seeing his own felicity lessened by means of discontent on their part, it

becomes more or less an object with him to endeavour lessen /diminish/ it. Not

that on their account their felicity is an object with him in this case than in

the other: it is even still further from being so in this case than in the

other: for by this his fear of them his hatred of them is encreased: still

however it is an object with him: it is not as his own felicity is an ultimate

object - but it is an intermediate object.

hatred in proportion as the burthen meant principally for the subject many falls

upon them the sub-ruling few, or as the share allotted to them out of the

plunderage fails of being correspondent to their expectations

hatred of the Monarch in proportion and only in proportion as the burthen imposed

by him falls upon them, having incidentally place in their breasts and operating

in encrease of that fear by which alone as above any alleviation in the burthen

imposed upon the subject many is produced.

So in the case of the limited Monarchy. In the breasts of the sub-ruling few, as

towards the subject many, are produced the same antisocial affections, contempt

and hatred - with the vacillating effects produced by the intervention of fear:

as in the breast of the Monarch, and by the same causes: hatred and contempt,

antagonizing with one another, and exercising always disputed though always

conjunct dominion, as above.

In proportion as, by the apprehension of resistance at the hands of the subject

many, fear is produced in the Monarch's breast, a diminution more or less

considerable in the quantum of the sacrifice which he had been in use to make of

their happiness to his own, is a consequence not altogether incapable of taking

place. Of such fear it is true a proportionable degree of hatred can not fail to

be the result: the result will be relief or exacerbation according to the

comparative intensity &c. In this case the more intense his hatred of them

the less afflictive may at the same time be the treatment any receive at his

hands. The diminution in their unhappiness and the diminution in his happiness

have in this case one cause. That cause is fear - fear by which at the same time

his hatred of them is encreased and his ill usage of them is diminished, and

consequently their unhappiness more or less diminished: but still however it is

not by his hatred of them that the unhappiness is diminished: it is not by his

hatred of them but by his fear of them which was the cause of it.

JB_024_448v.xml

Title: [1821 Aug. 25 Codification Offer '.5. Draughtsman]

Description: 1821 Aug. 25 Codification Offer '.5. Draughtsman single

In proportion as, by the apprehension of resistance as above fear is produced in

the Monarchs breast, a diminution more or less considerable in the quantum of

the sacrifice which he has been in use to make of this happiness to his own - a

degree of relief from the burthen imposed by depredation and oppression - is a

consequence not altogether incapable of taking place. Of such fear, true it is

that a proportionable degree of hatred can not fail to be the result: and of

hatred, if exclusively listened to, the result would be - not the lessening but

the encrease of the sinister sacrifice:- not alleviation but aggravation of the

burthen. Here then in the Monarchs breast will be a conflict: a conflict between

the two affections - the self-regarding and the antisocial. In proportion as the

self-regarding prevails, alleviation of the burthen will be the effect, which

whether produced or no will at least have been aimed at: in proportion as the

antisocial prevails, aggravation will be the certain consequence. Most commonly

it is the antisocial that prevails: and thus it is that tyranny grows

unendurable and revolution ensues. It may seem almost a paradox to speak of the

antisocial affection as capable of prevailing over the self-regarding affection:

to say that in any instance it does so, is as much as to say that in that

instance a Monarch hates his subjects more than he loves himself. But to put a

restraint upon the antisocial affection requires self-restraint:- it requires

self-command and the more used a man is to command others the less used he is to

command himself. When he visits (as the phrase is) the objects of his hatred it

is still to his love of himself, that he administers its gratification, though

in a different shape.

JB_113_032v.xml

Title: [1821 Aug. 23 Codification Offer]

Description: 1821 Aug. 23

Codification Offer

'.9. Draughtsman single

What limitations have place are applied by the hands of a sub-ruling few who

thereby are admitted into a proportionable share of the power of government: the

exercise of which has of course their own greatest happiness for its sole object

If, in what is above as applied to an absolute Monarchy, there be any truth, no

less is there if applied to a limited Monarchy: in an absolute monarchy the sole

actual end of government is the greatest happiness of the ruling one: in a

limited Monarchy the sole end of government is the greatest happiness of the

ruling one in conjunction with that of the sub-ruling few namely those few, by

whom, and consequently for the sake of whose happiness the application of the

limitations has been and continues to be made. Such at any rate is the case in

every limited Monarchy as yet fully established in particular in the English:

which is as much as to say in that Monarchy in which the limitations, intended

for the benefit of the sub-ruling few, have hitherto, in a higher degree than in

any other Monarchy been in their consequences conducive to the greatest

happiness of the greatest number.

Note concluded from another page

Remains, as the only form of government under which the subject many are not, in

the breasts of the ruling few, objects of dissocial affection in any shape - are

not objects either of hatred - nor contempt, but on the contrary of love and

respect, Representative Democracy: in particular that which for these forty

years has stood established in the Anglo-American United States: original number

thirteen: now August 1821 encreased to twenty three. Of this felicity the cause

is - that while the whole of the operative power of the government is in the

hands of a comparatively small number, the whole of the constitutive power with

reference to that same operative power is in the hands of many: those by whom

the several branches of the operative power are exercised being, with or without

intermediate agency, not only appointed, but with certainty and promptitude

removable by those by whom the abovementioned constitutive power is exercised:

for it is of such power of appointment and removal that that same constitutive

power is composed. Thus it is that as, in an absolute Monarchy, on the part of

the rulers that inaptitude which is the opposite of appropriate moral aptitude

is consummate, so in a representative democracy, framed on the principle of

virtually universal suffrage, appropriate moral aptitude itself is consummate.

Under a limited Monarchy, according to the extent of the limitations and the

situation of the hand by which they are applied, the degree of moral inaptitude

may admitt of some depression: but at the very best in so far as in the case of

the rulers competition has place, the happiness of the subject many will still

with certainty and constancy be sacrificed to that of the ruling one in

conjunction with that of the sub-ruling few.