036_021.xml

Title: [[xxxvi. 21] 1821. April 10 .]

Description: [xxxvi. 21]

1821. April 10 .

Financial

Remains, that source or mode of wasteful expenditure in the wholesale way which, howsoever congenial, is not essential, to the form of Government. These are - 1. unnecessary wars. 2. Distant, and thence preponderantly expensive, dependencies.

In a Representative Democracy, unnecessary wars against foreign adversaries can scarcely have existence. For the sake of profit to the supremely ruling body - the people, in whom is the power of appointment and removal with relation to the operatively ruling body - their representatives - it is not possible: but what none of them can avoid seeing, is - that, with reference to the utmost possible profit capable of being reaped at the expence of the people of any other state, the expenditure that must be made is not only /merely/ immediate and certain, but antecedent: as well as, in the ultimate result, greater. Upon their Representatives it is indeed that, in animmediate way, the engaging or not engaging in any such war would depend. But that which, as above, would be manifest to the least reflecting of the two portions of the community, viz. constituents, would be still more manifest to /in the eyes of/ the most reflecting of those same two bodies their Representatives: in their eyes accordingly, of the engaging in any such unnecessary war, non re-election, - that is, removal, and with disgrace, would be the certain consequence.

Remains, as a /Another/ conceivable cause of unnecessary war against foreign adversaries, irritation. But, if not for the commencement, for the continuance, of a war considered as being thus produced, what is necessary, is - that, in the breasts of the majority of the people, hatred of others should be more strong and efficient than love of self. For a small portion of time, and on the part of a small proportion of the people, such predominance is at any rate conceivable. But, for any considerable portion of time, on the part of the majority of such a people, the nature of man considered, it does not seem possible.

036_035.xml

Title: [[xxxvi. 35] 1821 April 10 Financial]

Description: [xxxvi. 35]

1821 April 10

Financial

Rudiments to be [...?] from.

Sources of wasteful Expenditure. 1. Unnecessary war. 2. Difference between the pay of a Monarch and d o. of the Chief of a Representative Democracy. 3. In particular, all expenditure applied to the maintenance of lustre, splendour, dignity. 4. Expenditure applied to the advancement to purely ornamental art and science. 5. Where the function itself is necessary, expenditure applied to the pay of a superfluous number of functionaries. 6. So pay in superfluous quantity to each or any functionary. 7. Distant dependencies - all dependencies the maintenance of which costs, by reason of their distance, more money than is or can be extracted from them by the governing country in such sort as to operate pro tanto in diminution of the taxes imposed upon it. 8. Encouragement applied to this or that branch of production under the notion of adding to the quantity and value of the whole. 9. Pensions of Retreat see Morn Chron 10th april 1821. African Company Debate. 10. Compensation pensions on reform.

The sources or modes, actual and customary, of wasteful expenditure, may be distinguished into two classes, having quantity for their mark of distinction, viz. Wholesale and Retail. The wholesale may again be distinguished into those which are essential to the form of Government and those which, howsoever congenial, are incidental to it.

The matter of wasteful expenditure, essential to the form of Government is in the case of an absolute monarchy the difference between the pay of the Monarch, and the least pay sufficient for the President of a Representative Democracy.

In the case of a limited Monarchy, it is that same /the above/ quantity with the addition of the quantity employed in the works of corruption and delusion: coruption, applied more immediately to the representatives of the people: delusion, applied more efficiently and needfully to the people themselves.

JB_172_009.xml

Title: [1820 July 30 Emancipation Spanish]

Description: 1820 July 30

Emancipation Spanish

Summary

In Spain the possibility of an eventual removal of the ruling few by

the suffrage of the subject many being provided, but the feasibility of it being

involved in clouds, corruptive influence may overcome or be overcome according to

circumstances. In the mean time the less the quantity of the matter of corruptive

influence is that finds itself in the hands of the ruling few the less will be the

force with which it is capable of acting upon their conduct: the less on all

occasions, and in particular on the occasion of any such breach of trust, as should

produce a sufficient warrant to the subject many,to give exercise and effect to that

saving power of removal which the Constitution, in profession at least, has lodged in

their hands.

Proportioned to the magnitude of the expenditure to which the dominion in question

by the possession and pursuit of it together gives existence, will be the quantity of

emolument, emolument received in an immediate shape and emolument received through

the medium of patronage taken together, which it will place at the disposal of the

ruling few. But the greater the quantity of this corruptive matter they have in their

hands, the greater the force with which they will find themselves fixt in their seat,

and secured against every disposition on the part of the subject many, to carry their

saving power of removal into exercise. And this security they will find themselves in

possession of to a great degree without need of any act done by any person in any

such express view. And thus it is that in proportion as in the financial department

it /this/ acts as an instrument of impoverishment, in the constitutional department

it will act as an instrument of corruption: in its character as an instrument of

impoverishment, its effects will be confined within the pale of the wasteful and

destructive expenditure to which it gives birth: but in the character of an

instrument of corruption its poisonous effects will pervade the whole system of

government, contributing by the whole of its amount to the reducing to a dead letter

the power of removal provided for the people in words and perhaps in intention, and

to a virtual representative democracy substituting a compound of monarchy and

aristocracy, which every day of its existence will be advancing towards that state of

irresistible and uncontroulable despotism under and by which as in England the

interest of the subject many will be sacrificed to the interest of the ruling few

without measure and without shame.