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28 Aug. 1806
Evidence
Whether one psychological fact can be redutionary of another?
1. Fear. (i.e. pain of apprehension) of consciousness
1. Confusion of mind of [...?] conscienceness: Answer confusion of mind in fear which for its source the circumstance of the cause[?] suspected, or any other source of danger.
II. Motive, of Intention
2. Motive of intentionably[?]? Not immediately; but exposure to the action of such and such a motive: but there is physical evidence.
III. [...?] of Motive
3. Intentionably, of motive? - Yes, in case answer as above.
IV. Of position, of Intention
4. Habitual enmity, sexual desire i.e. habitual disposition to experience pain & pleasure of it - circumstantial evidence of intentionality: viz: intention to do the acts tending to the gratification of the above propensities.
V - Falshood or Reticence, of Fear
5. Non-response, False response &c. The psychological fact of which they are immediately evidentiary, is fear: fear of some evil to result from the disclosure. But this fear may have had other causes [...?] of /than the/ particular guilt[?] in question.
VI. Consciousness, of the past agency in question.
Fallaé[?], by confusion is surely produced by religion
6. Self insinuative[?] consciousness is not absolutely conclusive evidence of the act. Consider case of religious insanity.
7. So in theft. consciousness i.e. belief of want of little may be conscious. A man may steal his own goods believing them to be anothers.
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At each link in the chain of causality, the indication is liable to be fallacious. Therefore the probative force will be less and less as the number encreases[?].
In the indication of the probative force Of the several species of circumstantial evidence there can be little or nothing said[?]. The evidentiary property /quality/ of the evidentiary fact would not exist, if the existence of it were not generally obvious. What the legislator can do in the way of instruction for the Judge is little more than the bringing the whole mass of doctrine together, for the purpose of affording him that /to him comprehensive view at the commencement of his [...?]/ of the subject - that sense of intellectual power which is so useful to the right discharge of his functions, and which otherwise might for some time be wanting /deficient/.
Taking any one of these points of facts by itself, the probative force will be apt to strike the reader at first sight as being incompleat. Accordingly it is seldom without a concurrence of several articles of circumstantial evidence there the answer will present itself as strong enough to be conducive.
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Title: [21 Sept. 1804 Evidence Circumstantial]Description: 21 Sept. 1804 Evidence Circumstantial Ch Failure Causes § Delinquency - Fear Add ambiguity on [...?] fear and anger? depending on idiosyncrasy. A sort of compound evidentiary fact composed of the symptoms in question and the occasion which brought them under observation will therefore in general constitute the slightest article of evidence that on the occasion in question can come to be adduced: and the probative force of this compound fact is the force which any infirmative facts of which the case may be found susceptible, will have to combat. Let us proceed in our inquiry of these informative facts.
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Title: [Aug 1804 Evidence Circumstantial]Description: Aug 1804 Evidence Circumstantial Ch.2. Circumstantial [...?] §.1. [...?] [...?] [...?] In the case of circumstantial evidence there are always two facts to be considered: 1. the principal fact /the factum probandum or[?] problematical/, the fact the existence of which is supposed or proposed to be proved or - to be evidenced: which is the subject of proof; 2 the evidentiary fact - the fact /the factum probans/ from which the existence of the principal fact is or may be inferred. The factum probandum may in any case be either of /is susceptible of two main distinctions: it may be or[?] it must be either of/ a physical nature, or of a psychological nature. In all cases of a penal nature, (high enough in rank to be reputed criminal,) certain facts of a psychological nature are necessary to constitute the crime[?]: these are 1. criminative intentionality and 2. criminative consciousness: and in many cases supposing criminative intentionality and consciousness ascertained the mischievousness of the act will be liable to be modified by the nature of the motive or motives which give birth to it. In all these cases the principal fact will therefore /accordingly/ be of a complex nature. Its ingredients will be /The existence, or in some cases the non-existence/ of some physical act or acts, together with the addition of /in conjunction with/ the psychological facts just mentioned.
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Title: [9 Sept 1804 Evidence Circumstantial]Description: 9 Sept 1804 Evidence Circumstantial Ch General §. Modifications By the above /all these several/ marks, evidence by deportment, though it be personal evidence as well as from a personal source, will be clearly understood to be - in no case direct - in every case circumstantial evidence. Its connection with the principal fact in question will be required to be made out and its probative force will be understood /seen/ to be reduced /reducible/ by the same connections /cause/ in this case as in the case of real evidence from a personal source. When subsequent to the principal fact in question - it being a punishable act it may operate as evidence of intention with reference to the commission of the act: a sort of information that may not so frequently be conveyed by purely real evidence. But when subsequent to that same act, it will most commonly be indicative of fear and nothing more - fear - the same sort of psychological evidence, as, at that period, will most frequently be the psychological fact indicated by real evidence.
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