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[186-8. Dates 26, 27, 29 Aug 1801]
Polit. Economy Analysis
26 Aug. 1801
[Col. 1]
1.
I. Final Cause Well-being, its—modifications, arranged in the order of their importance, are
1. Subsistence (present).
2. Security in respect of 1. Future subsistence. 2. Defence.
3. Enjoyment—mere enjoyment distinct from subsistence.
2.
Causes of Wealth
/II/I./ Material—Matter
/III/II/. Efficient—Motion
/I?III/ Final—Well-being
3.
II. Matter
I. Sources.
1. Land (dry.)
2. Water i:e: Land covered with water
4.
II. Modifications or states
1. Unimproved: viz: 1. Mineral. 2. Vegetable. 3. Animal.
[Col. 2]
5.
I. Land—the source of the materials of which in an unimproved or improved state the matter of wealth is composed.
II. Materials of wealth in an unimproved state.
6.
Subject matters of human Labour.
I. Matter in a state unimproved: viz: 1. Mineral 2. Vegetable 3. Animal
7.
II. In a state improved which can only be by Motion employed in the way of 1. Simple Composition. Paints by coloured [...?], ochre mixt with oils of fish or nuts. 2. Simple analysis or decomposition. Production of black[?] from burning kelp. 3. Formation or Fabrication.
9.
III. Operations being so many ways of applying labour to materials.
1. Discovery (a)
(a) Examples of Discovery without
a
) Celestial bodies.
2. Extraction.
3. Importation (if the place be exterior to the territory in question)
4. Naturalization (in case of vegetables).
5. Improvement.
6. Preservation.
7. Local conveyance.
8. Exchange.
9. Exportaction.
10. Employment.
[Col. 3]
/8/5/
III. Motion.
I. Sources or Primum Mobiles
1. Inanimate.
2. Animate.
/9/6/.
Inanimate
1. /Water/Liquids by gravity.
2. by expansion and contraction.
3. by /expansion/conversion/ into gas (steam) by union with caloric and re-contraction.
2. Air atmospherical by
1. Gravity—Expansion and contraction—Wind.
/10/7/.
Animate—of Animals
1. Irrational—viz. cattle
2. Rational—Man—viz. by Labour.
[Col. 4]
/11/8/.
Operations are modifications of the efficient cause acting upon a modification or modifications of Matter the material cause with a view to a modification or modifications of the final cause are
1. Discovery (a)
2. Extraction (b)
3. Importation if the spot from whence the extracted be exterior to the territory in question.
/4./5./ Naturalization (in case of vegetables and animals).——
[Col.3]
5. Propagation of
1. Vegetables
2. Animals viz: by permission of sexual intercourse. Propagation is to extraction what Exportation is to Importation.
[Col. 4]
5. Improvement.
5* Purifiaction of water.
6. Preservation.
7. Conveyance (local, national).
8. Conveyance (legal). (Conveyance of the legal right of employing a thing.)
9. Exportation.
9.* Weighing and measuring and counting [...?]
10. Use.
11. Formation (Fabrication a species of it.)
[Col. 5]
12.
(a) Motion = Labour. Matter =Materials.
In every Operation Land (dry or covered with water) Materials (moveable portions of the substance or produce of land) and Labour must be jointly concerned. Whatever be the Operation (Common Operation) it must be performed by human labour, on a certain set of materials, resting or moving on a certain spot of land. But as neither land can be acted upon nor made subservient to human use or well-being but by labour nor materials /acted upon/prepared for use/, nor so much as extracted, without labour—in that respect labour may be considered as the sole source of wealth—[...?] of every modification of wealth may be referred to labour as to its efficient cause.
[Col. 6]
13.
All encrease—all motion referable to Labour
Though labour (human labour) is but one of several sources of motion, yet still, what ever is derived from any of the other sources, towards the encrease of wealth, may be referred to human labour as its cause: because motion when produced from any of those other sources though it thereby saves a proportion of human labour which would have been required to produce the effect without their assistance, still labour non-human in so far as it is made subservient to any of those ends which human labour proposes to itself requires a concomitant portion of human labour to give it birth, or direction, or both.
All modes of giving encrease to wealth, are referrable to labour: to the encreasing or husbanding of labour or husbandry (i:e: preserving) the fruit or produce of it.
[Col. 7]
14.
Capital (real
(pecuniary
Capital is the fruit or produce of antecedent labour applied, in conjunction with present labour, to the giving encrease positive or negative to the existing mass of wealth.
15.
Capital is either (real (physical) or else pecuniary i:e: money.
Real is either
1. Productive Stock [...?] or productive
2. Stock produced (Finished work)
15
* Summary capital—money employ’d as capital officiates in that character by being given in exchange for the articles of real capital is composed, or for the labour by which they are rendered subservient to the end in view which is the final cause of the establishment.
[Col. 8]
16.
Preservation = negative encrease
Encreasee of wealth is either positive or negative: effected by operations of the positive cast, or by operations of the negative cast.
1. Positive encrease is by production.
2. Negative encrease is by preservation.
17.
Preservation is either by immediate agency or by remote agency.
18.
Preservation by immediate agency is by counteracting the influence of the causes of depirition or disappearance. Preservation by remote agency is by destroying [Col. 9] or removing the instruments of which the agency is the cause of destruction.
19.
Uses Immediate and Subservient.
An article of wealth is either of immediate or remote (or, say subservient) use: immediate, where it is itself applicable to one or other of the three ends, subsistence, security or enjoyment. remote or subservient where it contributes no otherwise to any of them than with reference to some other article which is of immediate use and which it renders or contributes to render applicable to Real[?] use.
20.
Articles of subservient or remote use may be distinguished into articles of which the subserviency is of the first, second, third removes, and so it is with reference to articles of immediate use.
[Col. 10]
21.
Articles of subservient use are
1. Ground—(portions of land for a [...?] or substratum)
2. Receptacles
3. Materials
4. Instruments
22.
Instruments are
1. Tools.
2. Machines (having parts that are fixed: + either 1. absolutely, or 2. with relation to the rest.
+ Fixed are 1. Supports and Head-masts[?]
2. Guides[?]
23.
Receptacles are either 1. Immediate (with reference to the thing contained in them) or
2. Remote—which may be of the 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd remove and so on.
24.
Receptacles (of the last remove) are either
25.
1. Stationary or
2. Ambulatory.
Stationary are either
1. Erections
2. Excavations.
Ambulatory are
1. Carriages (Land carriages)
2. Vessels Water carriages
25.
* Money an article of subservient use with reference to things vendible.
Similar Items
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Title: [11 March 1804 Wealth I. 1. +]Description: 11 March 1804 Wealth I. 1. + 2 Political Economy - Method - Sponte Acta Matter / Source. 1. Matter - Sources - 1. Land. 2. Water. p.9. 2. 2. Modifications - improved or unimproved - p.9. 3. - unimproved - 1. Mineral. 2. Vegetable. 3. Animal. p.9. 4. Use immediate or subservient. p.10. 5. Immediate use - when immediately applicable to subsistence security or enjoyment. p.10. 6. Subservient use - when not immediately applicable. p10. Motion 1 Motion may be communicated without contact or by contact. p.10 * 2. Primum mobiles for the increase of wealth. 1. Descent of heavy bodies. 2. Water. 3. Wind. p.11. 4. Expansion and contraction of air. 5. Volition. 6. Labour - human or brute. p.12. 1. Operations by which increase of wealth is promoted. 1. Discovery of source of raw materials. 2. Discovery of land from which the raw material may be extracted. 3. Extraction of the raw material from the land. p.13. 2. French Economists opinion - no value but what is derived from extraction. p.14 /13x/. 3. Practical inference all Taxes should be assessed. i:e: direct. p.14 /13x/. 4. This is sufficient to refute this opinion, which it takes up pages to do in A Smith p.13x. Encrease modes 1. Encrease of wealth is 1. Positive 2. Negative = prevention of decrease. p.1 2. Negative is by 1. keeping in Preservation 2. Relative increase of articles liable to go out. p.1. 3. Modes of departure - destruction - exportation - p. 4. Deperition - partial or deteriorative. p.2 5 Production of deperition - 1 Destructive - 2 Endamagent. p.2. 6 Reference to Civil & Penal law. p 2 Encrease cause. 1. Encrease of wealth is produced either by increase of labour or by increase of the efficiency of labour. p.1 2. If by efficiency the quantity of increase will depend on the efficiency with which the expelled hands are employed. p.2 3. Capital remaining the same, the result of any saving of labour by machinery (for instance half) must be the discharge of half the men. p.2. 4. Capital remaining the same as before, the labour employed about machinery being more expensive, would render a still further decrease of men necessary. p.3.
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Title: [Polit. Econ. Analysis 20 June 1801]Description: Polit. Econ. Analysis 20 June 1801 [Col 1] According to these topics the same articles be ranged in different orders. I. Subject matter of operation. Original—Land 1. Uncovered with water. 2. Covered with water.(All Sea, [...?], Rivers and Lakes. II. Operator or Agent Principal/Orignal—Man—by Labour 2. Subordinate 1. Animate—Cattle 2. Inanimate—Machines Topics Ends in view or Uses to which encrease of wealth is subservient. 1 Subsistence 2. Enjoyment 3. Security or defence. *II. Subject Matters I. Natural state 1. Mineral 2. Vegetable 3. Animal II. Improved state 1. Unmixt, as above. 2. Compunded or mixt without alteration. 3. Modified by fabrication. ______________________ III. Principal Operations 1. Discovery 2. Extraction[?] 3. Production or Naturalization[?] 4. Improvement 5. Preservation 6. Employment or Use 7. Land conveyance 8. Exchange IIII. Agents 1. Individuals 2. Government V. Means of action or influence on the part of Government 1. Encouragement 2. Discouragement 1. Unoptional—prohibition 2. Optional—Taxation To Col V [Col 5] Topics continued from Col I VI. Taxation an operation not formative/conducive to but obstructive of encrease of wealth, yet every where employ’d through necessity for the purpose of defence. Will/inclination[?]/ to the encrease of wealth can not be wanting on the part of any individual: tho’ in some instances it is overpowered by the will to spend it, yet in the most unfrugal community the spendthrifts are in but small proportion. But in the struggle for encreasing wealth each to his utmost it will happen that one man shall give encrease to his wealth in such manner as shall occasion a more than equivalent decrease on the part of others:—here then comes the demand for the interposition of the law. [Col. 2] Quantity of wealth is absolute or relative—Relative involves population, of which separately. Wealth is the produce of /labour and/ land and labour—of labour operating upon land itself or the produce of it. Note. Encreasing the quantity of land will not encrease the quantity of wealth, unless it encreases either the quantity of labour or the effect of it. ______________ Every means employed for the encrease of wealth may therefore be resolved into encrease of 1. the quantity of labour. 2. the effect of it. ______________ Wealth itself is of no value but as an instrument of either 1. Subsistence. 2. Security or defence. 3. Enjoyment. The value of a given mass of wealth to be measured must be measured with reference to these several objects. [Col. 3] Subsistence affords an exact measure of the value of a mass of wealth—With reference to Subsistence, the value of a mass of the means of subsistence, is as the number of individuals it will subsist for a certain time. With reference to Security, the value of a mass of wealth adapted to that purpose does not admitt of any such measure—It is still, however, the joint ratio of the quantity of the labour employ’d in the production of it—and the effect of it. All instruments of Subsistence are instruments of enjoyment: but there are instruments of enjoyment which are not instruments of subsistence. [Col. 4] Enjoyments distinguished according to their Seat or Inlet are 1. Sensual 2. Mental 3. Mixt Sensual enjoyments, by the principle of association are rendered mental also, and by that means mixt. The enjoyment derived from objects in any degree sensual depends upon— 1.The state of the sense or organ to which the object is applied. 2. The nature of the object or instrument by which, when applied to the organ, the enjoyment is produced. On the part of the object—the mass of enjoyments is encreased by every addition to the variety of the collection of instruments of enjoyment taken together—by novelty on the part of any one. [Col. 6] Materials of wealth considered as employd for the purpose of encreasing the quantity or value of a mass of wealth are called Capital. The national wealth is the aggregate of the wealth of individuals. Wealth and Capital is real or pecuniary. Pecuniary capital is money employd in the way of exchange in purchasing the labour, [...?] materials or land of which real capital is composed. Capital or wealth acts no otherwise than as far as it acts on labour. It encreases wealth no otherwise than as far as it encreases either the quantity or the effect of labour. [Col. 7] II. Subject Matters —with reference to the mode of their subserviency to use. 1. Ground. 2. Materials to be improved. 3. Instruments 4. Receptacles 5. Productions in a state for use. __________ Receptacles 1. Stationary, viz: Buildings. 2. Moveable or /Ambulatory/occasional. viz: 1. Carriages 2. Navigable vessels. Receptacles are 1. Particular; such as such as vessels, chests, boxes &c. 2. General—or buildings in which the particular vessels are contained. __________ Proportional-quantity-stocking principle Example Guns in one shop Shot in another Powder in a third. [Col. 8] Means of encrease, their Comparative Importance. 1. articles of Subsistence 2. Defence—the denand for which varies with the danger. 3. Enjoyment, not contributing to subsistence. __________ Productive Capital is composed of 1. Land with its improvements. 2. The aggregate mass of articles of subservient use )( immediate use. __________ Opulence degree of (relative) is as the sum of labourer’s incomes to d o of all incomes as between nation and nation, the real value of labourer’s wages being supposed the same in each. Ceteris paribus a populous country will be the cheaper by a saving on the aggregate expence of conveyance. [Col. 9] Materials Rude Produce, Application of Labour thereto I. Extraction 1. Separation from the natural source—Land or Water. 1. Minerals—Discovery, digging, [...?], extracting, smelting. 2. Vegetables 1. Discovery 1. Felling Timber 2. Cutting herbs 3. Gathering fruits 3. Animals Housing[?] Water 4. Fishing 1. catching 2. Curing. II. Conveyance. __________ Finance Where a tax acts purely as a prohibition, that prohibition or diminution of consumption is only relative: so much as it takers from the consumption of the article tax[ed], so much it adds to the consumption of other articles: except so far as the aggregate of taxes takes from the aggregate of consumption of articles of enjoyment, to add to that of the articles of defence for which the [...?] is raised. [Col. 10] Unproductive taxes I. Indirect income tax by encrease of money. II. All measures encreasing the quantity of unprofitable labour; and thence diminishing the effect of profitable labour. viz. 1. Prohibition of export of money, thence unprofitable labour to collect the money by stealth, [...?] and find means to evade the tax. 2. Prohibition or [...?] direct trade between country and country: thence unprofitable labour &c. attendant on circuitous trade. Finance In proportion to the disadvantageousness of the terms on which money is borrowed it adds to [...?] though at the expence of intermediate comfort.
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Title: [Polit. Economy 27 Aug 1801 [Col 1]Description: Polit. Economy 27 Aug 1801 [Col 1] I. Sponte Acta First steps in an Analysis in the form of an Encyclopedical Tree shewing how to draw a circle round the subject and how to invent or discover what remains to be invented or discovered in this field of knowledged. [Col. 2] 26. Agents. Beings considered as sources of motion are termed Agents. 27. Agents considered in respect of the degree in which the effect is dependent on those who are 1. Principal 2. Subordinate 28. Among agents all that are not animals, and among animals all that are not human are of course subordinate. 29. Among human agents, every individual is subordinate with reference to those of whom is composed the government under which he lives. 30. 1. Discovery Corporal 1. Objects of Discovery—in respect to modes[?] put 1. /Things themselves/[...?] things/ in the forms in which they exist previous to the disscovery. /1./I/ Portion of Land. 31. /2./II./ All bodies in an unimproved state. viz: 1. Mineral 2. Vegetable 3. Animal 32. III. Articles in an improved or even factitious state, in the event of their having been lost i.e. so circumstanced that either their existence or their situation is unknown. 33. IV. Celestial Bodies. See Extraction 41. 34. II. Ideal II. Modes of giving birth to things of a new form or species. [Col. 5] 35. 2. Extraction Modes By extraction separation of a thing from the body which is its natural source viz. Land dry or covered with water. 36. Examples of it are—as applied to I. Minerals 1. Digging out 2. Pounding 3. Smelting 4. Carrying away 37. II. Vegtables 1. Felling (Timber) 2. Cutting ([...?]) 3. Gathering Fruits 4. Digging up Roots 38. III. Animals Beasts Birds 1. Cathing by the chase 2. by shooting 3. by deceipt as by traps bait &c. 4. Catching fish in any of the above or other ways. [Col. 6] 39. 2. Extraction 3. Importation A portion of matter condisered as a raw material is either of home growth or foreign growth. 40. In case of home growth an operation necessary to be performed in all cases, and the first that is necessary in all cases is Extraction. 41. In this case an operation by which that of Extraction is preceded in some cases, not preceded in others is Discovery. See 30. 42. If of foreign growth, then the first operation that comes to be performed upon it on home ground, is Importation: which is to home articles what extraction is to foreign articles. [Col. 7] 43. 4. Naturalization. 5. Improvement Preservation. 4. Naturalization supposes previous importation either of the individual article itself or of the parent stock. 44. It is a sort of negative improvement: the absence of deperition or deterioration. 45. 5. Improvement is a title applicable to home-produced and imported articles. 46. 6. Preservation is a sort of negative improvement: it is the absence of deperition and deterioration. Sources of The distrinction belonging to this head— 1. Qualities in respect of which the deterioration may take place 2. Efficient Causes of the deterioration or deperition. [Col. 8] 47. Conveyance {Physical {Legal 7. Conveyance. local The labour employd in conveyance is a charge bearing in a greater or less degree on almost every article home-produced or imported—improved or unimproved—on every article/except/except the fruit a man plucks and cuts as he sits under ‘his own vine or his own fig tree’ 48. 8. Conveyance legal of the rights of property concerning the article form one proprietor to another. 49. This species of conveuyance is a natural /tho/and/ usual accompaniment of the other, but not a necessary one. Rum may go from a mans plantation in Jamaica to his house in London without change of proprietorship. A table may be sold or given by the [...?] inhabitant of one room in a house to the inhabitant of the next, with very little change of place. [Col. 9] 50. 9. Exportation 9. Exportation. By exportation of /any article/any part of the matter of wealth from the home country to a foreign country the mass of wealth in the home country can not in a direct way receive any encrease. 51. But, /unless/except/ in the case where a thing is exported gratis from the home country to the foreign country (as in the case of a /present/gift/, a tribute or a pledge) exportation from the home country is /a/an/ event necessarily connected either as a condition precedent or a condition subsequent with importation into it. [Col. 10] 52. 10. Employment. 10. Employment. An article of rude produce may be employd by being employd either in the way of immediate use, or in the way subservient or remote use. 53. Employed in either way it will be employd in the way either of prompt consumption or consumption more or less slow and gradual, according to its nature. 54. Of employment in the way of subservient use whatsoever is not included in Extraction, may be referred to fabrication. 55. A branch of fabrication is manufacturing, but the word manufacturing is seldom applied but[?] on the supposition that to those articles when fabricated is destined to become the subject matter of exchange in a commercial way—in the way of trade.
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