date

26 Aug. 1814 '.1 + Logic Ch
26 Aug. 1814 '.1 +

Logic

Ch Paraphrasis etc.

'.1. Explanation

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Ch.7. Of Exposition by Paraphrasis with its subsidiary operations, viz. Phraseoplerosis and Archetypation.

'.7 Explanation of these modes of exposition, and of the case in which they are necessary.

Paraphrasis is that mode of exposition which is the only instructive mode, where the thing expressed in /being/ the name of a fictitious entity, has not any superior in the scale of logical subalternation.

Attached to and /Connected, and that/ necessarily connected with Paraphrasis, is an operation, for the designation of which the word Phraseoplerosis /Phraseoplerosis/ (i.e. the filling up of the phrase,) may be employed.

By the word Paraphrasis may be designated that sort of exposition which may be afforded by transmuting into a proposition, having for its subject some real entity, a proposition which has not for its subject any other than a fictitious entity.

Nothing has no properties. A fictitious entity being, as this its name imports, being, by the very supposition, a mere nothing, cannot of itself have any properties: no proposition by which any property is ascribed to it can, therefore, be in itself, and of itself, a true one, nor, therefore, an instructive one. Whatsoever of truth is capable of belonging to it cannot belong to it in any other character than that of the representative - of the intended and supposed equivalent and adequate succedaneum, of some proposition having for its subject some real entity.

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    The /Of the/ subject of this fictitious proposition, which is employed as the representation of some real one, which for the exposition of it, requires a paraphrasis, having for its subject a real entity, which paraphrasis, when exhibited, performs, in relation to the name of the fictitious subject, the same sort of office which, for the name of a real entity, is performed by a definition of the ordinary stamp, viz. a definition per genus et differentiam - the name forms but a part of the fictitious proposition for the explanation of which, the sort of proposition having for its subject a real entity, is in the character of a paraphrastically-expository proposition required. To compose and constitute such a proposition as shall be ripe and qualified for the receiving for itself, and thereby for its subject, an exposition by paraphrasis, the addition of other matter is required, viz., besides the name of the subject, the name of the predicate, together with some sign performing the office of the copula; - the operation by which this completion of the phrase is performed, may be termed Phraseoplerosis.

    Phraseoplerosis is thus another of the operations connected with, and subservient to, the main or principal operation - paraphrasis.

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    Of any such fictitious entity, or fictitious entities, the real entity with which the import of their respective appellatives is connected, and on the import of which their import depends, may be termed the real source, efficient cause, or connecting principle.

    In every proposition by which a property or affection of any kind is ascribed to an entity of any kind, real or fictitious, three parts or members are necessarily either expressly or virtually included, viz. 1. a subject being the name of the real or fictitious entity in question; 2. a predicate by which is designated the property or affection attributed or ascribed to that subject, and 3. the copula or sign of the act of the mind by which the attribution or ascription is performed.

    By the sort of proposition here in question, viz. a proposition which has for its subject some fictitious entity, and for its predicate the name of an attribute attributed to that fictitious entity, some sort of image - the image of some real action or state of things, in every instance, is presented to the mind. This image may be termed the archetype, emblem, or archetypal image appertaining to the fictitious proposition, of which the name of the characteristic fictitious entity constitutes a part.

    In so far as of this emblematic image indication is given, the act or operation by which such indication is given, may be termed archetypation.

    148
  • Title: [23 Aug. 1814 '.2. + Logic Ch]
    Description: 23 Aug. 1814 '.2. +

    Logic

    Ch. Paraphrasis

    '.2. Exenplification

    Obligation etc.

    4

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    '.2. Exemplification in the case of the fictitious entity obligation {and its associates.}

    For exposition and explanation of Paraphrasis, and of the other modes connected with it, and subsidiary to it, that which presents itself as the most instructive of all examples, which the nature of the case {appears to} afford{s}, is that which is afforded by the group of ethical fictitious entities, viz. Obligations, rights, and the other advantages dependent on obligation.

    The fictitious entities which compose this group have all of them, for their real source, one and the same sort of real entitytermed / viz./ sensation: the word being taken in that sense in which it is significative not merely of perception, but of perception considered as productive of pain alone, of pleasure alone, or of both.

    Pain (it is here to be observed) may have for its equivalent, loss of pleasure; pleasure, again, may have for its equivalent, exemption from pain.

    151