date

23 Aug. 1814 '.2. + Logic Ch
23 Aug. 1814 '.2. +

Logic

Ch. Paraphrasis

'.2. Exenplification

Obligation etc.

4

1

Bisection

'.2. Exemplification in the case of the fictitious entity obligation {and its associates.}

For exposition and explanation of Paraphrasis, and of the other modes connected with it, and subsidiary to it, that which presents itself as the most instructive of all examples, which the nature of the case {appears to} afford{s}, is that which is afforded by the group of ethical fictitious entities, viz. Obligations, rights, and the other advantages dependent on obligation.

The fictitious entities which compose this group have all of them, for their real source, one and the same sort of real entitytermed / viz./ sensation: the word being taken in that sense in which it is significative not merely of perception, but of perception considered as productive of pain alone, of pleasure alone, or of both.

Pain (it is here to be observed) may have for its equivalent, loss of pleasure; pleasure, again, may have for its equivalent, exemption from pain.

151
Similar Items
  • Title: [23 Aug. 1814 Logic Ch. Paraphrasis]
    Description: 23 Aug. 1814

    Logic

    Ch. Paraphrasis &c.

    '.2. Exemplification

    Obligation &c.

    7

    4

    The several distinguishable sources from any or all of which the pain and pleasure constitutive of the obligation in question, may be expected to be received, viz. the several sanctions, distinguished by the names of the physical sanction, the popular, or moral, sanction, the political (including the legal) sanction, and the religious sanction; - these particulars belong to another part of the field, and have received explanation in another place.

    * To that other place it also belongs to bring to view the causes by which the attention and perception of mankind have, to so great an extent, been kept averted from the only true and intelligible source of obligation - from the only true and intelligible explanation of its nature, as thus indicated.

    From /On/ the exposition thus given of the term obligation, may be built those other expositions, of which it will form the basis, viz., of rights, quasi rights or advantages analagous to rights, and their respective modifications, as well as of the several modifications of which the fictitious entity obligation is itself susceptible.

    154
  • Title: [23 Aug. 1814 '.2. Logic Ch]
    Description: 23 Aug. 1814 '.2.

    Logic

    Ch. Paraphrasis &c.

    '.2. Exemplification

    Obligation &c.

    5

    2

    An obligation (viz. the obligation of conducting himself in a certain manner,) is incumbent on a man, (i.e. is spoken of as incumbent on a man) in so far as, in the event of his failing to conduct himself in that manner, pain, or loss of pleasure, is considered as about to be experienced by him.

    - In this example

    1. The exponend, or say the word to be expounded, is an obligation.

    2. It being the name not of a real, but only of a fictitious entity, and that fictitious entity not having any superior genus, it is considered as not susceptible of a definition in the ordinary shape, per genus et differentiam, but only of an exposition in the way of paraphrasis.

    3. To fit it for receiving exposition in this shape, it is in the character of the subject of a proposition, by the help of the requisite compliments made up into a fictitious proposition. These compliments are, 1, the predicate, incumbent on a man; 2, the copula is; and of these when thus added to the name of the subject, viz. obligation, the fictitious proposition which requires to be expounded by paraphrasis, viz. the proposition An obligation is incumbent on a man, is composed.

    4. Taking the name of the subject for the basis, by the addition of this predicate, incumbent on a man, and the copula is, the phrase is completed, the operation called phraseoplerosis, or /i.e./ completion of the phrase is performed.

    5. The source of the explanation thus given by paraphrasis, is the idea of eventual sensation, as expressed by the names of the different and opposite modes of sensation, viz. pain and pleasure, with their respective equivalents, and the designation of the event, on the happening of which such sensation is considered as being about to take place.

    6. The

    152
  • Title: [Jan y. 1811 + Logic Exposition]
    Description: Jan y. 1811 +

    Logic

    Exposition modes of

    Paraphrasis

    2

    2

    Paraphrasis is to exhibit the unfigurative proposition to which the figurative one to be expounded is equivalent.

    Paraphrasis is the expounding of a word which is the name of a fictitious entity, by pointing out the real entities which the word in question, by being brought into company with other words, is made use of to denote.

    A word which is the name of a fictitious entity may be said to be expounded by paraphrasis, when being worked up together with certain other words into the form of a proposition which is of the same signification as the former but composed of terms expressive of real entities.

    N.B. This is true only when the matter of fact to be indicated is of a material nature; i:e: concerns the state of bodies: if psychological - i:e: concerns the state of a man's mind, there are no real entities in the case, unless in so far as perceptions and sensations are considered as real entities. May they not be termed real psychological entities:- Appetites, Affections, Passions, dispositions, Virtues, Vices are as unreal with reference to them as Qualities are with reference to substances.

    Obligation expounded by its relation to command and punishment.