date

23 Aug. 1814 Logic Ch. Paraphrasis
23 Aug. 1814

Logic

Ch. Paraphrasis &c.

'.2. Exemplification

Obligation &c.

7

4

The several distinguishable sources from any or all of which the pain and pleasure constitutive of the obligation in question, may be expected to be received, viz. the several sanctions, distinguished by the names of the physical sanction, the popular, or moral, sanction, the political (including the legal) sanction, and the religious sanction; - these particulars belong to another part of the field, and have received explanation in another place.

* To that other place it also belongs to bring to view the causes by which the attention and perception of mankind have, to so great an extent, been kept averted from the only true and intelligible source of obligation - from the only true and intelligible explanation of its nature, as thus indicated.

From /On/ the exposition thus given of the term obligation, may be built those other expositions, of which it will form the basis, viz., of rights, quasi rights or advantages analagous to rights, and their respective modifications, as well as of the several modifications of which the fictitious entity obligation is itself susceptible.

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    Description: 23 Aug. 1814 '.2. +

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    '.2. Exemplification in the case of the fictitious entity obligation {and its associates.}

    For exposition and explanation of Paraphrasis, and of the other modes connected with it, and subsidiary to it, that which presents itself as the most instructive of all examples, which the nature of the case {appears to} afford{s}, is that which is afforded by the group of ethical fictitious entities, viz. Obligations, rights, and the other advantages dependent on obligation.

    The fictitious entities which compose this group have all of them, for their real source, one and the same sort of real entitytermed / viz./ sensation: the word being taken in that sense in which it is significative not merely of perception, but of perception considered as productive of pain alone, of pleasure alone, or of both.

    Pain (it is here to be observed) may have for its equivalent, loss of pleasure; pleasure, again, may have for its equivalent, exemption from pain.

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  • Title: [23 Aug. 1814 '.2. Logic Ch]
    Description: 23 Aug. 1814 '.2.

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    An obligation (viz. the obligation of conducting himself in a certain manner,) is incumbent on a man, (i.e. is spoken of as incumbent on a man) in so far as, in the event of his failing to conduct himself in that manner, pain, or loss of pleasure, is considered as about to be experienced by him.

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    1. The exponend, or say the word to be expounded, is an obligation.

    2. It being the name not of a real, but only of a fictitious entity, and that fictitious entity not having any superior genus, it is considered as not susceptible of a definition in the ordinary shape, per genus et differentiam, but only of an exposition in the way of paraphrasis.

    3. To fit it for receiving exposition in this shape, it is in the character of the subject of a proposition, by the help of the requisite compliments made up into a fictitious proposition. These compliments are, 1, the predicate, incumbent on a man; 2, the copula is; and of these when thus added to the name of the subject, viz. obligation, the fictitious proposition which requires to be expounded by paraphrasis, viz. the proposition An obligation is incumbent on a man, is composed.

    4. Taking the name of the subject for the basis, by the addition of this predicate, incumbent on a man, and the copula is, the phrase is completed, the operation called phraseoplerosis, or /i.e./ completion of the phrase is performed.

    5. The source of the explanation thus given by paraphrasis, is the idea of eventual sensation, as expressed by the names of the different and opposite modes of sensation, viz. pain and pleasure, with their respective equivalents, and the designation of the event, on the happening of which such sensation is considered as being about to take place.

    6. The

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  • Title: [23 Aug. 1814 Logic Ch. Paraphrasis]
    Description: 23 Aug. 1814

    Logic

    Ch. Paraphrasis &c.

    '.2. Exemplification

    Obligation &c.

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    6. For the formation of the variety of fictitious propositions, of which the fictitious entity in question, viz. obligation, or an obligation, is in use to constitute the subject, the emblematical, or archetypal image, is that of a man lying down, with a heavy body pressing upon him, to wit, in such sort as either to prevent him from acting at all, or so ordering matters that if so it be that he does act, it cannot be in any other direction or manner than the direction or manner in question, - the direction or manner requisite.

    153