JB_101_231.xml

Title: [10. the fictitious entity the space]

Description: 10.

the fictitious entity the space that John occupies.

And besides this it is very difficult nay almost impossible to circumscribe any place so exactly as that no other real entity can be conceived to be comprised in it.- How can we describe the place that John is in so nicely as to be certain that no particle of air for instance is comprehended or even if we describe him as an animal, how can we so fix our circumscription of the place so as to exclude any ants or fleas that may be crawling over his body ? As to the degree of generality of the aggregate to be mentioned no universal rule can be given, as it must vary in each individual instance.-

Place may be taken in the figurative as well as in the original sense.- The designation of an official situation of an operation performed on or by the entity in question, will frequently suffice.- George III is the man who was king of England in the year 1800. Jane is the horse which I rode yesterday.- The book I mean is the one you inked this morning. These expressions may in many cases be compleat expositions by individuation.-

All the above examples refer to the exposition of real individual entities. A similar operation might be applied to a number of fictitious entities particularly to those which belong to the classes of notions and operations and which may always be individualized by the expression the noise I heard at such a moment, or the noise that you made at such a moment. As to the names of relations or states of things I do not for the present see any use in individualizing them at all, if there be any occasion for so doing, it must also be by individuation of the real entities to which they refer.-

Paraphrasis

I have stated that there are several general terms which may be more satisfactorily expounded otherwise than by definition and that in one instance that of the word entity it is not even susceptible of definition per genus et differentiam having no superordinate genus.- In these cases Paraphrasis is the mode which will take the place of definition.-

Exposition by paraphrasis of the name of a fictitious entity is the combining the word in question with others so as to make up a compleat proposition, and then translating that proposition into an equivalent one

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JB_101_217.xml

Title: [26 Aug. 1814 '.1 + Logic Ch]

Description: 26 Aug. 1814 '.1 +

Logic

Ch Paraphrasis etc.

'.1. Explanation

1

1

Ch.7. Of Exposition by Paraphrasis with its subsidiary operations, viz. Phraseoplerosis and Archetypation.

'.7 Explanation of these modes of exposition, and of the case in which they are necessary.

Paraphrasis is that mode of exposition which is the only instructive mode, where the thing expressed in /being/ the name of a fictitious entity, has not any superior in the scale of logical subalternation.

Attached to and /Connected, and that/ necessarily connected with Paraphrasis, is an operation, for the designation of which the word Phraseoplerosis /Phraseoplerosis/ (i.e. the filling up of the phrase,) may be employed.

By the word Paraphrasis may be designated that sort of exposition which may be afforded by transmuting into a proposition, having for its subject some real entity, a proposition which has not for its subject any other than a fictitious entity.

Nothing has no properties. A fictitious entity being, as this its name imports, being, by the very supposition, a mere nothing, cannot of itself have any properties: no proposition by which any property is ascribed to it can, therefore, be in itself, and of itself, a true one, nor, therefore, an instructive one. Whatsoever of truth is capable of belonging to it cannot belong to it in any other character than that of the representative - of the intended and supposed equivalent and adequate succedaneum, of some proposition having for its subject some real entity.

147

JB_101_222.xml

Title: [23 Aug. 1814 '.2. Logic Ch]

Description: 23 Aug. 1814 '.2.

Logic

Ch. Paraphrasis &c.

'.2. Exemplification

Obligation &c.

5

2

An obligation (viz. the obligation of conducting himself in a certain manner,) is incumbent on a man, (i.e. is spoken of as incumbent on a man) in so far as, in the event of his failing to conduct himself in that manner, pain, or loss of pleasure, is considered as about to be experienced by him.

- In this example

1. The exponend, or say the word to be expounded, is an obligation.

2. It being the name not of a real, but only of a fictitious entity, and that fictitious entity not having any superior genus, it is considered as not susceptible of a definition in the ordinary shape, per genus et differentiam, but only of an exposition in the way of paraphrasis.

3. To fit it for receiving exposition in this shape, it is in the character of the subject of a proposition, by the help of the requisite compliments made up into a fictitious proposition. These compliments are, 1, the predicate, incumbent on a man; 2, the copula is; and of these when thus added to the name of the subject, viz. obligation, the fictitious proposition which requires to be expounded by paraphrasis, viz. the proposition An obligation is incumbent on a man, is composed.

4. Taking the name of the subject for the basis, by the addition of this predicate, incumbent on a man, and the copula is, the phrase is completed, the operation called phraseoplerosis, or /i.e./ completion of the phrase is performed.

5. The source of the explanation thus given by paraphrasis, is the idea of eventual sensation, as expressed by the names of the different and opposite modes of sensation, viz. pain and pleasure, with their respective equivalents, and the designation of the event, on the happening of which such sensation is considered as being about to take place.

6. The

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