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23 July 1814
Logic
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Ch. Ontology
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The most general i.e. the most extensive propositions belonging to Physics,to Somatology (a) - the only branch of Physics that comes /subjected/ under the cognisance of sense, are /have been/ considered as forming a separate branch of art and science under the name - the very /perfectly/ uncharacteristic name of mathematics. (a)
The most general and extensive propositions belonging to physics, in the largest sense of the word, including Somatology and Psychology taken together, have been considered as forming in like manner a separate discipline, to which the name of ontology has been assigned.
Of Ontology
Chap. 1
Introduction
(a) Somatology - the science of what belongs to bodies.
(b) i.e. Learning: from [greek], to learn.
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Title: [22 Aug. 1815 Jug True 2]Description: 22 Aug. 1815 Jug True 2 I. Prolegomena Ch. Under Credence Causes 2 [....?] [...?] have not has [...?] [...?] to extent Per the impossible &c 1. Ignorance in the field of Somatology /Somatomy/. somatology (s@Um@"tQl@dZI). [f. somato- + -logy, or ad. mod.L. somatologia (O. Casmann, 1596). Cf. F. somatologie (1762).] 1. A treatise or science dealing with the properties of bodies. 1736 Bailey (fol.) Pref., Somatology,..a Discourse of Matter or Substance in the General, the Natures and inseparable Properties of Bodies. 181321 Bentham Ontology Wks. 1843 VIII. 195/1 Somatology, the only branch of physics that comes under the cognisance of sense. 2. ignorance in the subject of pneumatology /pneumatomy/. Pneumatology b. The science of the nature and functions of the human soul or mind, now commonly called psychology. 1785 Reid Intell. Powers Pref. (1803) 9 There are two great branches of philosophy, one relating to body, the other to mind... The branch which treats of the nature and operations of minds has by some been called Pneumatology. [Hamilton, in note (Reid’s Wks. 1846), Now properly superseded by the term Psychology.] 3. The passion of fear and hope: fear looking aversely to the matter of evil: hope willingly and eagerly to the matter of good, considered as having supernatural for its source. 4. deference of the individual to the influence exercised by the understanding of the influential few over that of the ignorant many—those to appearance present themselves to a first view as so many causes distinct from all the several former ones: but in a nearer view they will be found either the same as this or that one of them already mentioned are, or designative of objects bearing towards them the relation of species to a genus. 1. and 2. To the heads of intellectual weakness belong somatological and pneumatological ignorance. 3. To the head of sinister interest or interest-begotten-prejudice belong the fear and the hope: both of which are the result of that ignorance and of that consequential mental weakness. Operating on one side only viz. in the affirmative direction in which the interest correspondent to those fears and those hopes—applies its foce, the direction in which the interest operates and thence in so far as it operates in that direction, the interest itself—to these motives may well be designated by the appellative of a sinister one. To the head of adoptive weakness or adoptive prejudice belong the sort of intellectual weakness of all those MS alt. illegible. who on any subject to the examination of which, the nature of the question, and the state of his own [...?] considered, he is not incompetent, keeps the door of his mind shut notwithstanding, and instead of applying his attention to such reasons as the nature of the subject furnishes, sets himself in the inquiry what in the subject in question is the opinion prevalent either among the many the multitude at large, or among the distinguished and in relation to the particular subject in question, as supposed to be best instructed few.
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Title: [2 Oct. 1814 Logic 15]Description: 2 Oct. 1814 Logic 15 Ch.2. Ontology Entities classed 49 15 Prone as is the human mind to the making of hasty and incompletely /imperfectly/-grounded inductions in /on/ the field of physics /physical science/, it can not but be much more so in the fields of psychology and ethics, in which is included the field of politics: commonly not only is the collection made of influencing circumstances incomplete, but uninfluencing circumstances, and even obstacles, are placed in the station of, and held up to view in the character of, principally or even exclusively operating causes. Thus superior is the density of the clouds which overhang the relation between cause and effect in the field of morals, as compared with the field of physics. Two concurring considerations may help us to account for this difference, - 1. The elements of calculation being in so large a proportion of the psychical class - such as intentions, affections, and motives, - are, in a proportional degree, situated out of the reach of direct observation. 2. In the making of the calculation, the judgment is, in a peculiar degree, liable to be disturbed and led astray by the several sources of illusion, - by original intellectual weakness, by sinister interest, by interest-begotten prejudice, and by adopted prejudice. 71
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Title: [23 July 1814 Logic Ch. Ontology]Description: 23 July 1814 Logic Ch. Ontology 6 6 By the learner as well as by the teacher of logic, all these subjects of ontology, may, without much detriment, it is believed, to any other useful art, or any other useful science, be left in the places where /in which/ they are found.
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