date

25 Sept. 1814 Logic 3
25 Sept. 1814

Logic

3

Ch. 2. Ontology

Entities classed

8

2

The word substance is the name of a class of real entities of, the only class which has in it any corporeal entities.

The word matter is but the name of a class of fictitious entities, springing out of the sort of real entity distinguished by the word substance.

And so it is in regard to the word form.

The ideas respectively belonging to /designated/ by these corresponding words are fractional results, produced from the decomposition of the word substance.

Every real physical entity every corporeal substance every sort of body has its matter and form; and this its matter, and this its form are entities totally different from each other.

These names of entities possess, both of them, the characteristic properties of fictitious entities. It is by means of propositions designative of place, and, by that means, of a fictitious material image, that their images are connected with the name of the real entity substance.

In that substance exists such and such matter; behold the matter of that substance; behold all this matter from that substance. Here substance is a receptacle; matter a fictitious entity, spoken of in one of these occasions as if it were a real entity contained within that receptacle; in the others as one that had proceeded from it.

Behold the form in which that substance presents itself; behold the form, the figure, the shape, the configuration of that substance.

Figure, configuration, shape - in these several words may be seen so many synonyms, or almost synonyms, to the word form.

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    1. Absolute fictitious entities of the first order.

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    No substance can exist but it must be itself matter; be of a certain determinate form - be or exist in a certain determinate quantity; and, were there but one substance in existence, all these three attributes would belong to it.

    1. Matter. At first view matter may naturally enough be considered as exactly synonymous to the word substance.

    It may undoubtedly with propriety be employed instead of substance on many of the occasions on which the word substance may, with equal propriety, be employed.

    But there are occasions on which while substance may, matter can not, with propriety be employed.

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    Motion. That the entity designated by the word motion is a fictitious entity seems at least equally beyond dispute.

    A body the body in question is in motion: here unless in motion be considered as an abbreviated expression substituted for in a state of motion, as we say in a state of rest, motion is a receptacle, in which the body is considered as stationed. The motion of this body is slow or is retrograde. Here the body is a stationary object - a station or starting post, of or from which the motion is considered as opening /proceeding/.

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    Of any and every corporeal real entity a similitude is capable of being exhibited as well in the form of a body, for instance a model, as in the form of a surface - as in painting, or drawing, or engraving; which, in every case, is like the object represented, a stationary, permanent, and, unless by internal decay, or external force, an unchanging and unmoving object.

    But by no such graphical similitude, by no picture, by no model, by no stationary object, can any motion be represented. A representation of the body as it appeared in the place occupied by it at a point of time anterior to that at which the motion commenced; a representation of the same body as it appeared in the place occupied by it at a point of time posterior to that at which the motion commenced; in these two representations , conjoined or separate, may be seen all that can be done towards the representation of motion by any permanent imitative work.

    Even on the table of the mind, in imagination, in idea, in no other way can any motion be represented. There not being any real entity to represent, the entity cannot be any other than fictitious: the name employed for the purpose of representation cannot therefore be anything else than the name of a fictitious entity.

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