date

24 Sept. 1814 Chap V + Logic
24 Sept. 1814 Chap V +

Logic

Ch 4 Sec 5

1

Ch.2. Ontology

Entities classed

23

17

Subject - Object - Subject - {Concomitance} - {End}

Groups of Concomitant entities considered and denominated in respect of their concomitancy.

In the idea of an object the idea of some action or at any rate some motion seems to be constantly and [...?] /essentially/ involved. Where the object is a corporeal entity, it is a body towards which the body in motion moves: this body whether permanently or momentarily stands objected i.e. cast before that other body which moves.

Even in the case of vision, in the instance of an object of sight, the relation is naturally the same; the only difference is that, in the case of vision, the moving bodies being the rays of light, the object instead of being the body towards which, is the body from which, the motion takes place.

In the image /picture/ the tracing of which is the effect of the terms /names/ here in question the object is either on the same level with the source of motion, or above it: the subject, as in its literal sense the word subject imports, is below and under it.

In the case of human action - a motion, real or fictitious considered as being produced by an exercise of the faculty of the will, on the part of a sensitive being, this action has, in every instance, for its cause, the desire and expectation of some good i.e. of some pleasure or exemption from some pain, and the entity, the good by which this desire has been produced, is in this case, if not the only object, an object, and, indeed, the ultimate object, the attainment of which is, in the performance of the action aimed at.

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    Motion. That the entity designated by the word motion is a fictitious entity seems at least equally beyond dispute.

    A body the body in question is in motion: here unless in motion be considered as an abbreviated expression substituted for in a state of motion, as we say in a state of rest, motion is a receptacle, in which the body is considered as stationed. The motion of this body is slow or is retrograde. Here the body is a stationary object - a station or starting post, of or from which the motion is considered as opening /proceeding/.

    Necessarily included in the idea of motion is the idea of place and time. A body has been in motion - when ? in what

    case ? When having at or in one point of time been in any one place, at another point of time it has been in any other.

    Of any and every corporeal real entity a similitude is capable of being exhibited as well in the form of a body, for instance a model, as in the form of a surface - as in painting, or drawing, or engraving; which, in every case, is like the object represented, a stationary, permanent, and, unless by internal decay, or external force, an unchanging and unmoving object.

    But by no such graphical similitude, by no picture, by no model, by no stationary object, can any motion be represented. A representation of the body as it appeared in the place occupied by it at a point of time anterior to that at which the motion commenced; a representation of the same body as it appeared in the place occupied by it at a point of time posterior to that at which the motion commenced; in these two representations , conjoined or separate, may be seen all that can be done towards the representation of motion by any permanent imitative work.

    Even on the table of the mind, in imagination, in idea, in no other way can any motion be represented. There not being any real entity to represent, the entity cannot be any other than fictitious: the name employed for the purpose of representation cannot therefore be anything else than the name of a fictitious entity.

    42
  • Title: [28 Sept. 1814 Logic Ch.2. Ontology]
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    Action. For /In/ the idea of action, the idea of motion is an essential ingredient. But to actual action actual motion can scarcely be regarded as necessary. Action is either motion itself or a /the/ tendency to motion. Under the term action, besides motion a tendency, though so it be without actual motion, seems to be included. Held back by strings, a magnet and a bar of iron, suspended at a certain distance from each other, remain both of them without motion: cut the strings of either of them, it moves till it comes in contact with the other; but for the state of mutual action which preceded the cutting of the strings no such motion would have taken place.

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    In addition to the notion /idea/ of motion, in the ideas of action and passion the notion of causation or causality is involved /superadded/. The body F is in motion: of that /such/ motion what is the cause ? Answer - the action of another body, the body S, which by the exercise exertion influence or correspondent power which it has /possesses/ becomes productive of that effect.

    In themselves, the two fictitious entities Action and Passion are not only correspondent but inseparable. No action without passion: no passion without action: no action on the one part without passion on the other.

    In the case of action and thereupon on the part of one of two bodies - motion - sensible /perceptible/ motion, on the part of the other body is relative motion, in every instance a never failing consequence ? To judge from analogy the probability seems to be in the affirmative.

    Where /In so far as/ on the part of one of the two alone any motion is perceptible on the part of the other no motion being perceptible, the one of which the motion is perceptible, is most commonly spoken of as the agent, the other as the patient: a state of motion is the state in which the former is said to be in, a state of passion, the state in which the other is said to be in.

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