date

[102–101] 5 Dec r 1815 Chrest
[102–101]

5 Dec r 1815

Chrest. or Langaguage

Quality—Synonyms or […?] to— Add Phraseoplerosis

1. Manner.

2. Form.

3. Shape.

4. Cast.

5. Texture.

6. Genus & Species.

7. Property.

8. Power.

9. Relation.

10. Nature.

Relation—Synonyms or […?] to

1. Reference.

2. Regard.

Conjugates—Terminations—the most copious species

1. Substantive Name of an action—tion from the Latin may it not be given to every verb the root of which is Latin.

In English no. Many classes of verbs have no such corresponding name.

Being exists not beingment. Hence need of using the participle. But the participle has the inconvenience of superadding the consideration of time and limiting the time to present time.

2. Substantive name of a quality—termination ity—Derived from the Latin itus.

3. Adjective name of a quality—termination ble—Latin = bilis.

4. Verb. Terminative ize.

5. Adverb. Termination ly. Almost all English adverbs have this termination. Is it not (by contraction) from –like?

Parts of speech significant in themselves are

1. Noun Substantive.

2. Noun Adjective. +

3. Verb (unmodified).†

4. Adverb.‡

II. Not significant of themselves

5. Proposition.

6. Conjunction.

7. Words indicative of mood.

8. Words indicative of time.

Good is as intelligible by itself as Goodness—Sole difference, Good gives intimation that the /of a/ subject to which the quality is about to be asserted to inhere /be inherent/ mention is about to be made: whereas Goodness the substantive does not.

† What is called the Infinitive mood Present tense is the Verb unmodified. In English take away the preposition to it is a substantive. To love: take away the to, you have love—the substantive.

‡ This includes in it the signification of

1. A proposition.

2. A substantive.

3. An adjective.

Noun

Case—In the singular all but the genitive are in English expressed solely by Pronouns without inflection.

The Vocative, without. But O may be added or not. Is it not a contraction for Hear. In Latin from Audio? In English either from the or from the French Oyez which is from Audio.

In English in the singular besides the Prepositional Genitive there is the inflectional viz. –s. But in the plural this inflectional is wanting.

So in the singular in an adjective, no inflection no preposition: the substantive suffices.

Gender—is not expressed at all—so much the better.

Number—is expressed by inflection: viz. by addition of s. But only in a substantive. In an adjective no sign of the plural: the pluralization of the substantive suffices.

Verb

1. Person. In English expressed by pronoun substantives without inflection.

2. Number. In English expressed by pronouns without inflection: except in the second person singular: to which d o plural is almost always substituted. By this means, at the expence of an absurdity simplicity is attained. The singular serves for the language of this […?].

3. Mood. 1. Absolute is the simple most natural most usually employed. 2. The Conditional is expressed by adjuncts some belonging to Verbs some being conjunctions.

The pseudo-mood termed imperative is expressed in the singular by the simple omission or non-apposition of the signs of personal relation /pronominal sign/.

In the plural the expressed pronominal sign is inserted or not according as on the occasion in question it is or is not needed: when inserted the pronoun is put after the verb: and then the imperative is distinguished from the indicative.

The Imperative mood is indicative viz. of an Act of volition. The Greek subjunctive is either Indicative or Potential.

May is attributed chiefly to the acts of Nature. Can, to those fo men. This for a general list by apply it at length, by conjugation.

In the one case, attached to the idea of potentiality or probability is that of power as existing or not in some subject: power, adequate to the production of the event.

4. Tense.

1. Future.

In English the idea of act of volition on the part of some person (say the speaker) is or is not, in the character of the cause of the event the futurity of which is asserted, introduced.

Where the purpose is to represent the will of the speaker as the cause of the future event, the word [ will] is used in some of the persons and numbers of the verb, the word shall in others.

 Here give the scheme.

Case II. Tyrannically predictive.

The will of the speaker meant to be presented to view in the character of the cause of the action.

I. Singular.

1. I will strike.

2. Thou shalt strike.

3. He or it shall strike.

Plural.

4. We will strike.

5. Ye shall strike,

6. They shall strike.

Case I. Simply predictive /Future/.

The will of the speaker not meant &c.

1. I shall strike.

2. Thou wilt strike.

3. He or it will strike.

4. We shall strike.

5. Ye will strike.

6. They will strike.

Voice.

This has place in that case alone in which the verb is /being/ transitive, the proposition formed by it /of which it makes a part/ is complex.

The Passive Voice has more of complication and refinement in it than the active. It involves the consideration and expression of causation: it brings to view an effect actually produced. It is therefore probably of later invention than the active.

Mood—Imperative as being the expression of want and desire, is probably of an early invention.

It is implied and involved in the use of the Vocative case of the tem. Addressed to an individual, the name being a proper one, the Vocative case imports an abstraction, as a common name does, whether the article a or the be prefixt to it.

Quality—§§. 12. 13.

In the established import of this word, there is nothing to exclude the idea of transitoriness—shortness of duration: and by including it the use of the word quality may be made coextensive with that of the words to predicate—Prædication.

Prepositions

I. Quiescent or Rest-regarding /importing/ […?]

1. In. Within. 2. On. 3. At. 4. Near. Near to. 5. Far from? 6. With. 6. Above. 7. Under. Below. Beneath. 8. Beside. 9. Opposite to. 10. By. 11. Along.

II. Motion-importing.

1. To. 2. From—By? 3. Into. 4. Across—[…?] 5. Through. 6. Round? 7. Out of. Without (Adv.?) 8. Along.

Conjunctions—1. When. When I go i.e. Development At the time at which I go.

In its import it therefore includes that of an Adverb designative of time.

If I go. Development. Grant that a time will exist at which I shall go.

Of a proposition, whatsoever there is of complexity is always in the prædicate: the subject is always simple excepting that complexity which consists in plurality, where the subject is the plural number.

Note the complexity which has place where the verb is in the conditional mood.

Where the verb is in the first person it being a neuter or an active verb the proposition may be a simple one: but if it be in the 2 d or 3 d, the proposition is always a complex one.
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    I. Prop. of the 1 st order

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    2. Correctness

    3. Copiousness

    4. Conciseness

    5. Impressiveness

    6. Melodiousness

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    1. Decorableness

    2. Dignity or Commandingness

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    Dignity—its oppositives 1. Levity 2. Fumblingness

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    1. Ornamentality

    N.B. In regard to stile distinguish between the properties that depend upon the words, and d o that depend upon the ideas exclusive of the words.

    In so far as they depend not on the words, they belong not to this subject.

    Between—Among—Entre

    Between—the impropriety produced by its inclusiveness is peculiar to the English Entre in French from Inter (Latin) is not infested with it

    Entre serves for between and among

    Among will not serve for every state of things for which entre and inter serve.

    No otherwise than on the supposition of their being divided into pairs can between server for the case of plurality.

    Clearness absence of Ambiguity Sources of—

    1. Words taken singly

    2. Words considered as ingredients in a sentence: uncertainty to which other words in it they refer ex. gr.

    1. Restrictives—only

    2. Ordinals—First

    Inflected languages

    3. Clauses—Adjective Clauses restrictive, as most are N.B. Adjective Changes.

    Clearness

    I. Instrument of Definition and the other mode of Exposition.

    Substitution of a definand, after definition, to the definition itself is analogous to the substitution of a letter to a plexus of [...?] figures in Algebra

    2. Avoidance of terms of ambiguous import—unless fixt at the time.

    II. Apposite Collocation.

    Propositions object they are expressive of i.e. faculties of the exercise of which they are expressive

    1. Perceptive—de perceptend[o]

    2. Judicative—de judicand[o]

    3. Volition—de volendo.

    Conjugates viz. Logical

    1. Grammatical or Syntactical

    2. Extra-/Exo-/syntactical or Logical

    Conjugates are

    1. Simple or /i.e./ uncompounded

    2. Compounded

    Conjugates are

    I. Integral

    1. Contained in a substantive

    2. —— in an adjective

    3. —— in a verb

    II. Fractional. Portions of an integral cluster of conjugates.

    Of Terminations in so far as indicative of particular ideas

    Conjugates—Pseudo Conjugates and Quasi-Conjugates

    Terminations

    Different senses designated by the same terminations Ex. gr. By the termination ation the operation and the result.

    Modes

    I. Properly distinguished

    1. Absolute viz. indicative

    2. Conditional voz. potential

    Note how Tense and Mood run into one another in shall will &c

    II. Improperly or unnecessarily distinguished

    1. Subjunctive—i.e. indicative of the conjunct use of a conjunction

    2. Imperative

    3. Optative indicative of a wish—Expressed in Latin and Greek by a conjunction indicating in English by [...?] 1. Oh I wish that

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    1. Subjunctive is useless

    2. Imperative is complex in its signification

    3. Optative is useless

    4. Causat[ive] is complex in its signification. No use in a separate /peculiar/ [...?] for it

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    Futurity—its Modes over and above the modifications of time

    I. Absolute

    1. I shall &c

    2. I will &c

    Conditional

    1. I should &c

    2. I would &c

    Shall expresses futurity and necessity.

    Conditionality—its Modes

    1. May and might

    2. Can and could

    3. Should

    4. Would

    Absoluteness and Conditionality i.e. expressive of

    1. Certainty—or

    2. Uncertainty.

    May and Can

    Modifications applied to the import of them by the addition of the negative not

    Affections or Modifications of

    1. Substantives

    2. Adjectives

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    An adjective is the name of a quality (or relation) accompanied with an intimation of the existence of a subject in which it is— to which it belongs of which it is a property Abstraction-denoting substantive, name of a quality unaccompanied by any such intimation [...?]

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    1. Not-inflected— the hand of man.

    2. Inflected—Man’s hand.

    Use of the inflected.

    Subserviency to 1. Conciseness. 2. Clearness (viz. by preventing entanglement) 3. Impressiveness (in some cases)

    His loss—the loss of him ambiguity of the expression.

    Time—its Grammatical Affetions or Modificat.

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    1. Definiteness or indefiniteness

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    4. Aboluteness or say Certainty—or Conditionality or say Uncertainty—See Mood.

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    Improvement—Measures of pene individuos continued

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    Improvement—Modes of

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    2. D o by formalizing the words defined /definitions/

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    Conjugates Logical Table of

    ( Add d o of Quasi-Conjugates and Pseudo-Conjugates)

    Heads for

    1. Part of speech they belong to

    2. Import of each

    3. Language from which derived

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     [...?] as fit for emulation in English

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    The following are the accessory ideas of which the principal ones expressed by the several parts of speech in question must be divested. - Why? Answer. Because of these several accessory ideas, the import conveyed will be found to be equivalent to the import of so many entire propositions.

    I. Noun Substantive - Accessory ideas attached to it in some languages.

    1. The ideas respectively designated by the words - 1. Gender. 2. Number. 3. Case.

    II. Noun adjective - the same.

    III. Verb - Accessory ideas attached to it as above in some languages.

    1. Person (relation had to the speaker and the being spoken to).

    2. Number.

    3. Tense i.e. {sign of} Time.

    4. Mood or Mode, which is either, 1. Absolute, or 2. Conditional.

    The proposition involved in the import of the termination by which Gender, i.e. Sex, is designated.

    I. Gender.

    1. The person in question, viz. the person in the designation of whom the Noun Substantive to which the termination is attached is employed, is of the sex thus designated: viz. either male or female. Applied to human and most other animated beings, the proposition thus expressed may always be true.

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    In the Russian, a dialect of the Selavenian[?], instances are not wanting in which not only the noun but the verb is encumbered with variations of termination indicative of sex.