date

9 Dec r 1815 Chrestom or Language
9 Dec r 1815

Chrestom or Language

Propositions

1. I sit—I am sitting

2. I walk—I am walking

3. I strike—I am striking

4. I am stricken

5. I am old

6. Eurybiades strikes Themistocles

7. Themistocles is stricken by Eurybiades

8. I move—I am in motion

1. You sit—You are sitting

2. You walk—You are walking

3. You strike. You are striking

4. You are stricken

5. You are good

1. He sits—he is sitting

2. He walks—He is walking

3. He strikes. He is striking

4. He is stricken

5. He is wicked

6. Eurybiades strikes Themistocles

7. Themistocles is stricken

8. Themistocles is stricken by Eurybiades

9. Themistocles is stricken by Eurybiades

10. Themistocles is stricken by the rough hand of Eurybiades

11. Themistocles is stricken by the rough and muscular hand of Eurybiades

Verb.

The plural number supposes obstruction made: it implies the existence of a genus /class/

Thou, and he do not import a genus

We not necessarily where the persons are certain but /yet/ frequently

We, is I the speaker and some class of persons I belong to

You, ye—the person spoken to and some class of persons he belongs to.

Tenses

All speech being but the expression of the state of the speaker’s mind viz. at the time of his speaking, that point of time, i.e. in that sense the present, can not but be an object of reference in speaking of any other point of time.

I struck him /gathered the apple/

I have struck him

He passed here

He has passed here

Quere how to describe the difference between […? …? …?]?

I struck him /I gathered the apple/ imports that the action is at an end buy gives intimation of a time indefinitely distant as the time at which it took place, and suggests the idea of looking out for the point of time as being ascertainable from some other source

I have stricken him /gathered the apple/ intimates that the act time at which the act was completed is recently past.

Designation of time 1. with or 2. without express reference to another point of time, and that a determinate one.

Adjectives

Prepositions

An Adjective is the name of some quality, coupled with the intimation of the existence of the object /substance of/ designated by some substantive as the subject in which the quality is to be found.

Considered in that respect in the import of an Adjective is included that of a preposition: viz the preposition in.

This is the most simple conception or expression But to the preposition in may be substituted d o

by and of: a quality possessed by that subject: a quality of that subject.

The corresponding abstraction-denoting substantive is the name of the quality, not coupled with the above mentioned intimation

Qualities are either transitive-denoting /implying/ or not d o

Transitive-implying are either active or passive

For Transitive-not implying see Verb.

Verbs

A verb substantive is a mere assertion of existence: of existence at large, applicable to any subject, or any pair of subjects

A verb at large considered independently of the actions of time and certainty or contingency /conditionality or unconditionality/ involves in its signification that of some quality, active, passive or neutral—coupled, as in the case of the Adjective with the intimation of some subject in which it is to be found.

In so far as the quality indicated by the verb is an active quality, the verb is said to be a verb active, taken /and to be/ in the active voice;

—passive, a verb passive—in the passive voice.

N.B. Probable Degree of priority in invention corresponds not with actual degree of simplicity and clearness of explanation

Propositions were probably not invented and in use before adjectives: abstraction-denoting substantives certainly not.

Tenses

1. Absolute

2. Conditional 1. Conditional izing viz. of sex. 2. Conitional ized.

Conjugates

Among conjugates in general that was first invented and in use, which contains fewest letters: root first, branches afterwards.

But in some instances truncation and substitution may have had place.

Moods

Imperative

Call it the Desire-expressing or Desiderative mode: shewing the impropriety of Imperative

Imperative—the narrowness of the name originated in patriarchy and military command

In like manner give English significative names to the other moods and tenses

1. Absoluteness-expressing

2. Conditionality-expressing.

Harris’s Philosophic Arrangments

… a work to which a reference to any newspaper not to say any child’s book would be an advantageous substitute. For never yet was Newspaper seen in every instance of which exemplifications more than one of every article contained in this mis-supposed compleat list of genera generalissima—of the mutual relations of which to one another no exposition is there /in that ostentatious work/ attempted, is not to be found.

Adverbs

1. Poeosemantic

2. Pososematic

3. Toposemantic

4. Chronosemantic
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  • Title: [16 Dec r. 1815 Chrestom. Language]
    Description: 16 Dec r. 1815

    Chrestom. Language

    Ch.11 Propositions

    Complex propositions

    A complex proposition is that which has at least two subjects, with a predicate and copula to each of them: two subjects and as many predicates and copulas.

    The general effect of it is to bring to view two entities, each of them real or fictitious, accompanied with an intimation, that by one of them a change is produced in the state or condition of the other.

    {Considered in this point of view a complex proposition may be termed a transition-expressing proposition.}

    Examples.

    1. Eurybeades struck Themistocles.

    2. Themistocles was stricken by Eurybeades.

    In both these instances, the result expressed is one and the same. But in the first instance the verb employed (a verb of the complex kind of which further on) is in what is called the active voice: in the other, in the passive.

    In both instances a change in the state of a certain entity is represented as produced, and a motion is presented as the cause of that change.

    But, in the first instance, the entity brought to view in the first place is the entity in which the motion is represented as having had its commencement: the entity which is represented as having been first in motion, and with that same entity the motion so produced by it: in the other instance, it is the entity in which the motion is represented as having had its termination: Themistocles was struck, viz. by Eurybeades.
  • Title: [16 Dec r. 1815 Chrestom. or Language]
    Description: 16 Dec r. 1815

    Chrestom. or Language

    Ch.11 Propositions

    This motion may be considered as the manifestation of a correspondent quality in the subject - viz. an active quality, an active quality which is represented as having, on the occasion in question at the moment in question, been resident in one of the two subjects in question, viz. Eurybeades.

    In the other instance, the being struck may be considered as the manifestation of a correspondent quality of the passive cast, which is represented as having been on that same occasion, at that same moment, resident in the other of the two subjects in question, viz. Themistocles.

    And here may be seen the origin and explanation of two species of Verb - the Verb active and the verb passive, or (to speak in the language [of] the past and present race of grammarians by whom an ample cluster of words are spoken of as if they were all together but one word to which real aggregate and imaginary unit[?], they give the name of a verb, i.e. one verb) the active voice and the passive voice of the verb.
  • Title: [[102–101] 5 Dec r 1815 Chrest]
    Description: [102–101]

    5 Dec r 1815

    Chrest. or Langaguage

    Quality—Synonyms or […?] to— Add Phraseoplerosis

    1. Manner.

    2. Form.

    3. Shape.

    4. Cast.

    5. Texture.

    6. Genus & Species.

    7. Property.

    8. Power.

    9. Relation.

    10. Nature.

    Relation—Synonyms or […?] to

    1. Reference.

    2. Regard.

    Conjugates—Terminations—the most copious species

    1. Substantive Name of an action—tion from the Latin may it not be given to every verb the root of which is Latin.

    In English no. Many classes of verbs have no such corresponding name.

    Being exists not beingment. Hence need of using the participle. But the participle has the inconvenience of superadding the consideration of time and limiting the time to present time.

    2. Substantive name of a quality—termination ity—Derived from the Latin itus.

    3. Adjective name of a quality—termination ble—Latin = bilis.

    4. Verb. Terminative ize.

    5. Adverb. Termination ly. Almost all English adverbs have this termination. Is it not (by contraction) from –like?

    Parts of speech significant in themselves are

    1. Noun Substantive.

    2. Noun Adjective. +

    3. Verb (unmodified).†

    4. Adverb.‡

    II. Not significant of themselves

    5. Proposition.

    6. Conjunction.

    7. Words indicative of mood.

    8. Words indicative of time.

    Good is as intelligible by itself as Goodness—Sole difference, Good gives intimation that the /of a/ subject to which the quality is about to be asserted to inhere /be inherent/ mention is about to be made: whereas Goodness the substantive does not.

    † What is called the Infinitive mood Present tense is the Verb unmodified. In English take away the preposition to it is a substantive. To love: take away the to, you have love—the substantive.

    ‡ This includes in it the signification of

    1. A proposition.

    2. A substantive.

    3. An adjective.

    Noun

    Case—In the singular all but the genitive are in English expressed solely by Pronouns without inflection.

    The Vocative, without. But O may be added or not. Is it not a contraction for Hear. In Latin from Audio? In English either from the or from the French Oyez which is from Audio.

    In English in the singular besides the Prepositional Genitive there is the inflectional viz. –s. But in the plural this inflectional is wanting.

    So in the singular in an adjective, no inflection no preposition: the substantive suffices.

    Gender—is not expressed at all—so much the better.

    Number—is expressed by inflection: viz. by addition of s. But only in a substantive. In an adjective no sign of the plural: the pluralization of the substantive suffices.

    Verb

    1. Person. In English expressed by pronoun substantives without inflection.

    2. Number. In English expressed by pronouns without inflection: except in the second person singular: to which d o plural is almost always substituted. By this means, at the expence of an absurdity simplicity is attained. The singular serves for the language of this […?].

    3. Mood. 1. Absolute is the simple most natural most usually employed. 2. The Conditional is expressed by adjuncts some belonging to Verbs some being conjunctions.

    The pseudo-mood termed imperative is expressed in the singular by the simple omission or non-apposition of the signs of personal relation /pronominal sign/.

    In the plural the expressed pronominal sign is inserted or not according as on the occasion in question it is or is not needed: when inserted the pronoun is put after the verb: and then the imperative is distinguished from the indicative.

    The Imperative mood is indicative viz. of an Act of volition. The Greek subjunctive is either Indicative or Potential.

    May is attributed chiefly to the acts of Nature. Can, to those fo men. This for a general list by apply it at length, by conjugation.

    In the one case, attached to the idea of potentiality or probability is that of power as existing or not in some subject: power, adequate to the production of the event.

    4. Tense.

    1. Future.

    In English the idea of act of volition on the part of some person (say the speaker) is or is not, in the character of the cause of the event the futurity of which is asserted, introduced.

    Where the purpose is to represent the will of the speaker as the cause of the future event, the word [ will] is used in some of the persons and numbers of the verb, the word shall in others.

     Here give the scheme.

    Case II. Tyrannically predictive.

    The will of the speaker meant to be presented to view in the character of the cause of the action.

    I. Singular.

    1. I will strike.

    2. Thou shalt strike.

    3. He or it shall strike.

    Plural.

    4. We will strike.

    5. Ye shall strike,

    6. They shall strike.

    Case I. Simply predictive /Future/.

    The will of the speaker not meant &c.

    1. I shall strike.

    2. Thou wilt strike.

    3. He or it will strike.

    4. We shall strike.

    5. Ye will strike.

    6. They will strike.

    Voice.

    This has place in that case alone in which the verb is /being/ transitive, the proposition formed by it /of which it makes a part/ is complex.

    The Passive Voice has more of complication and refinement in it than the active. It involves the consideration and expression of causation: it brings to view an effect actually produced. It is therefore probably of later invention than the active.

    Mood—Imperative as being the expression of want and desire, is probably of an early invention.

    It is implied and involved in the use of the Vocative case of the tem. Addressed to an individual, the name being a proper one, the Vocative case imports an abstraction, as a common name does, whether the article a or the be prefixt to it.

    Quality—§§. 12. 13.

    In the established import of this word, there is nothing to exclude the idea of transitoriness—shortness of duration: and by including it the use of the word quality may be made coextensive with that of the words to predicate—Prædication.

    Prepositions

    I. Quiescent or Rest-regarding /importing/ […?]

    1. In. Within. 2. On. 3. At. 4. Near. Near to. 5. Far from? 6. With. 6. Above. 7. Under. Below. Beneath. 8. Beside. 9. Opposite to. 10. By. 11. Along.

    II. Motion-importing.

    1. To. 2. From—By? 3. Into. 4. Across—[…?] 5. Through. 6. Round? 7. Out of. Without (Adv.?) 8. Along.

    Conjunctions—1. When. When I go i.e. Development At the time at which I go.

    In its import it therefore includes that of an Adverb designative of time.

    If I go. Development. Grant that a time will exist at which I shall go.

    Of a proposition, whatsoever there is of complexity is always in the prædicate: the subject is always simple excepting that complexity which consists in plurality, where the subject is the plural number.

    Note the complexity which has place where the verb is in the conditional mood.

    Where the verb is in the first person it being a neuter or an active verb the proposition may be a simple one: but if it be in the 2 d or 3 d, the proposition is always a complex one.