date

22 Jany. 1816 Chrestom or Language
22 Jany. 1816

Chrestom or Language

Ch. 2. Uses of this end

2

Thus much being premised, I proceed to bring to view the order in which the principal and most comprehensive topics - viz. those in which, taken together, all others will be included - will follow one another in the ensuing pages.

I. Modes or forms of which discourse or language has been found susceptible, viz. audible, visible, and their respective substitutes.

II. Uses of language viz. 1. Primary or social: viz. communication of the matter of thought from mind to mind. 2. Secondary or solitary viz. 1. Recordative of the matter of thought. 2. Improvement of thought viz. always with a view to action: otherwise the improvement is no better but imaginary not real.

III. Operations performable in relation to discourse or language: viz. 1. Employing in the ordinary manner, 2. Choosing for use. 3. Learning. 4. Teaching. 5. Improving.

IV. Different occasions on which it may be desirable that language should be respectively applied to the several sorts of uses to which it is applicable viz. 1. Simple information, applying to the conception. 2. Probation, applying to the judgement. 3. Gratification, applying to the sensitive faculty. 4. Excitation, applying to the will through the medium of the affections and the passions.

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  • Title: [[102—102] 6 Dec r 1815 Chrestomathia]
    Description: [102—102]

    6 Dec r 1815

    Chrestomathia or Language Titles for Sections

    Part I

    §.1. Universal Grammar—its Nature and Divisions /its subject—Relations having place in all languages and […?] grammatical. Its place in the field of Art and Science.

    §.2. Its uses—general, and particular; viz. 1. Chrestomathic.

    §.3. Why now teachable to non-adults, though not before.

    §.4. Modes or Forms of discourse or language—audible, visible, and their respective substitutes. ‡ These as being […?] dismissed. By […?] to deaf, dumb and blind.

    §.5. Uses of language primary or social (communication of thought); secondary or adventitious /solitary/, 1. recordative: 2. assistance to and 3. improvement of thought.

    §.6. Properties desirable in a language at large. Ordinary and extraordinary: viz. Extradespatch in forming. 2. […?] surmounting. 3. Secrecy. 4. Communication to persons labouring under […?] imperfections.

    For […?] act on the part of all individuals it is for the whole language to afford capacity.

    §.7. Properties desirable in the language of an individual. Decoration. Decorability.

    §.8. Degrees in which those properties are possessed by different languages.

    §.9. For the arrangement of language necessary basis, an arrangement of the matter of thought. Expression of thought is 1. Voluntary or 2. Involuntary.

    §.10. Subjects of language, whether real and fictitious. Immaterial objects no otherwise expressible than through the medium of material ones.

    §.11. Contents of language simple and complex, integral and fractional—propositions—words—sentences.

    §.12. Terms of or in a proposition.

    §.13. Prædication—real and verbal.

    Object— practical and ultimate—performing in the best manner the several operations, with a view to their several uses. 2. theoretical, comprehending the several contrivances by which language in its several parts of speech is adapted to the above use..

    §. Operations performable in relation to it. 1. Learning. 2. using. 3. teaching. 4. choosing for use. 5. improving. Teaching and thence learning belongs to Chrestomathia.

    At any point of time, language is an aggregate having for its elements all the discourses every uttered by all the individuals by whom the particular language in question has been employed.

    Operations

    Difference between […?]. By using a man teaches something else: by teaching the language he teaches the nature of the tool—the instrument employed.

    Use of knowing the properties desirable in language in general and in this or that degree possessed by this or that language. 1. In teaching, taking for the standard of reference the one easiest comprehended.

    Part II

    §.1. Parts of Speech—essential or principal, and accessory—simple and complex or compounded.

    §.2. Parts of speech modified and unmodified. Instruments or means of modification, attached /interior/ /indigenous/ or inflectional, and detached or auxiliary /exterior/. Modifications of thought for the designation of which modifications of language are demanded—Languages sparingly-inflected and copiously-inflected.

    §.3. Substantive, i.e. Noun substantive, Pronoun substantive included, its modifications—viz. 1. Case. 2. Gender. 3. Number.

    §.4. Adjective—i.e. Noun Adjective (Pronoun Adjective included)—its modifications—viz. 1. Case. 2. Gender. 3. Number.

    §.5. Verb, its modifications (Participle, Gerund and Supine included) its modifications: viz. 1. Voice. 2. Mood. 3. Tense. 4. Person. 5. Number.

    §.6. Adverb—its complexity.

    §.7. Conjunction—its complexity.

    §.8. Government and Concord.

    /§.6. Propositions, Adverbs and Conjunctions/tives/.

    §.7. Collocation—viz. of words in a proposition—simple propositions—complex d o—in a clause or a sentence: harm of inversion. Choice independent of collocation belongs to the subject and purpose and occasion and to Logic. Collocation and choice with a view to Collocation, to Grammar.

    §.8. Conjugates./

    N.B. In Psychology and Noology the consideration of Idea and Language must be combined.

    Ambiguity—sources of are 1. Restrictives. 2. Ordinals.

    Ch. Phænomena of the human mind: 1. Experiences & Operations. Correspondent faculties—1. Perceptive. 2. Appetitive.

    Ch. Signs employed for the designation of /giving expression [to]/ those phænomena, viz. Propositions—their modifications /different sorts/—their constituent parts. 1. Propositions single. 2. Entities real &c. 3. Mode of exposition of fictitious entities. 4. Propositions double. 5. Propositions complex..

    Paraphrasis—Example of a paraphrasiendum To curry favour.

    V. Nomenclature

    ‡ Memoranda 30 Dec 1815

    In §.13 Consult Hermes and quote or refer to the passage in which he uses the word exhaustive. The passages examined there see whether something may not here require to be altered.

    In d o after seeing […?] copy of Porphyria, alter or correct the Note.
  • Title: [22 Jany. 1816 Chrestom or Language]
    Description: 22 Jany. 1816

    Chrestom or Language

    Ch. 2. Uses of this end

    3

    V. Properties desirable in the matter of which language is susceptible.

    This will be determined by, and bear reference to the several preceding topics, viz. 1. Modes or forms; 2. Uses. 3. Operations. 4. Occasions.

    Of these properties the following list will it is hoped be found not to want much of being a complete one.

    VI. Different degrees in which these several desirable properties are possessed by the principal and best constructed languages in use.

    VII. Means by which, in so far as the particular language employed by him admits of the possession of them, these several desirable properties may on each occasion be secured by the individual by whom the matter of language is employed.

    3
  • Title: [22 Jany. 1816 Chrestom or Language]
    Description: 22 Jany. 1816

    Chrestom or Language

    Ch. 2. Uses of this end

    4

    VIII. Explanation of the several parts of speech: i.e. of the different modifications of the matter of language corresponding to the several modifications of thought, as often as to any considerable extent thought comes to be communicated, whatsoever be the subject and the occasion expression requires to be found, and for which signs must in every language be provided, and accordingly whatsoever be the difference between the sign or signs employed for the designation of any given import in this or that language and the sign or signs employed for the designation of that same import in this or that other particular language, are accordingly provided /furnished/.

    4