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7 Oct. 1814
Logic or Language
Ch. Qualities
Rules
Terms
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5. Ordinals: more especially the word first.
Of the aptitude of this term to involve in ambiguity the import of the sentence in which it is employed, the causes are of the same nature in this instance, as in that of the restrictives, alone and only, viz. -
1. Uncertainty of the part of speech, and thence of the subject, to which the attributive is meant to be applied.
2. Uncertainty in regard to the part of speech to which it is meant to be considered as belonging, viz. whether an adjective or an adverb.
Example of the mode in which the ambiguity may be avoided.
1. Ambiguous expression - Columbus first saw Hispaniola.
2. Correspondent pair of sentences, by which the existence of the ambiguity, and at the same time, the mode of avoiding it, are indicated.
1. Columbus was the first person who ever saw Hispaniola.
2. Of the islands now called the West India Islands, Hispaniola was the first that Columbus discovered.
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Title: [7 Oct. 1814 Logic or Language]Description: 7 Oct. 1814 Logic or Language Ch. Qualities Rules Terms 5 5 4. Restrictives - such as alone and only. By these words what is constantly understood is - that the purpose for which they are employed is the narrowing the import of some word or other to which they are respectively annexed; that which in many cases cannot be collected but from the context, nor from the context without some difficulty, is, to which, of all the words in the sentence, the restriction is meant to be applied. 1. Substantive in the nominative case, (i.e. name of the agent.) 2. Adjective agreeing with the do., (i.e. quality ascribed to the agent.) 3. Verb. 4. Substantive in the accusative case, name of the patient. 5. Adjective, agreeing with the do., (i.e. quality of the patient.) 6. Adverb, in the character of the name of a quality, of a quality annexed to one or other of the adjectives or to the verb; frequently to any one of these, with more or less propriety, may the restriction be considered as applicable. In English, what thickens the confusion is, the indeterminate character of the restrictives, alone and only. Each of them is employed sometimes in the character of an adjective, sometimes in the character of an adverb; to exhibit the different cases in which each, in contradiction to the other, is most proper, would itself be a task of no inconsiderable length. Required to exhibit so many forms, by means of which in the several cases, where the restriction is meant to be applied exclusively the objects respectively signified by several parts of speech, it may in such sort be applied to these several subjects, that no misapplication whatsoever, howsoever transient and momentary, can take place. To solve this problem would be a task of no inconsiderable length and labour - but at the same time, of no inconsiderable use. If of the words alone, and only, the one were always an adjective, the other always an adverb, the difficulty of the task would be much less than it is; but, unfortunately, as has been just observed, no such constant distinction has place. 98
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Title: [[102—102] 6 Dec r 1815 Chrestomathia]Description: [102—102] 6 Dec r 1815 Chrestomathia or Language Titles for Sections Part I §.1. Universal Grammar—its Nature and Divisions /its subject—Relations having place in all languages and […?] grammatical. Its place in the field of Art and Science. §.2. Its uses—general, and particular; viz. 1. Chrestomathic. §.3. Why now teachable to non-adults, though not before. §.4. Modes or Forms of discourse or language—audible, visible, and their respective substitutes. ‡ These as being […?] dismissed. By […?] to deaf, dumb and blind. §.5. Uses of language primary or social (communication of thought); secondary or adventitious /solitary/, 1. recordative: 2. assistance to and 3. improvement of thought. §.6. Properties desirable in a language at large. Ordinary and extraordinary: viz. Extradespatch in forming. 2. […?] surmounting. 3. Secrecy. 4. Communication to persons labouring under […?] imperfections. For […?] act on the part of all individuals it is for the whole language to afford capacity. §.7. Properties desirable in the language of an individual. Decoration. Decorability. §.8. Degrees in which those properties are possessed by different languages. §.9. For the arrangement of language necessary basis, an arrangement of the matter of thought. Expression of thought is 1. Voluntary or 2. Involuntary. §.10. Subjects of language, whether real and fictitious. Immaterial objects no otherwise expressible than through the medium of material ones. §.11. Contents of language simple and complex, integral and fractional—propositions—words—sentences. §.12. Terms of or in a proposition. §.13. Prædication—real and verbal. Object— practical and ultimate—performing in the best manner the several operations, with a view to their several uses. 2. theoretical, comprehending the several contrivances by which language in its several parts of speech is adapted to the above use.. §. Operations performable in relation to it. 1. Learning. 2. using. 3. teaching. 4. choosing for use. 5. improving. Teaching and thence learning belongs to Chrestomathia. At any point of time, language is an aggregate having for its elements all the discourses every uttered by all the individuals by whom the particular language in question has been employed. Operations Difference between […?]. By using a man teaches something else: by teaching the language he teaches the nature of the tool—the instrument employed. Use of knowing the properties desirable in language in general and in this or that degree possessed by this or that language. 1. In teaching, taking for the standard of reference the one easiest comprehended. Part II §.1. Parts of Speech—essential or principal, and accessory—simple and complex or compounded. §.2. Parts of speech modified and unmodified. Instruments or means of modification, attached /interior/ /indigenous/ or inflectional, and detached or auxiliary /exterior/. Modifications of thought for the designation of which modifications of language are demanded—Languages sparingly-inflected and copiously-inflected. §.3. Substantive, i.e. Noun substantive, Pronoun substantive included, its modifications—viz. 1. Case. 2. Gender. 3. Number. §.4. Adjective—i.e. Noun Adjective (Pronoun Adjective included)—its modifications—viz. 1. Case. 2. Gender. 3. Number. §.5. Verb, its modifications (Participle, Gerund and Supine included) its modifications: viz. 1. Voice. 2. Mood. 3. Tense. 4. Person. 5. Number. §.6. Adverb—its complexity. §.7. Conjunction—its complexity. §.8. Government and Concord. /§.6. Propositions, Adverbs and Conjunctions/tives/. §.7. Collocation—viz. of words in a proposition—simple propositions—complex d o—in a clause or a sentence: harm of inversion. Choice independent of collocation belongs to the subject and purpose and occasion and to Logic. Collocation and choice with a view to Collocation, to Grammar. §.8. Conjugates./ N.B. In Psychology and Noology the consideration of Idea and Language must be combined. Ambiguity—sources of are 1. Restrictives. 2. Ordinals. Ch. Phænomena of the human mind: 1. Experiences & Operations. Correspondent faculties—1. Perceptive. 2. Appetitive. Ch. Signs employed for the designation of /giving expression [to]/ those phænomena, viz. Propositions—their modifications /different sorts/—their constituent parts. 1. Propositions single. 2. Entities real &c. 3. Mode of exposition of fictitious entities. 4. Propositions double. 5. Propositions complex.. Paraphrasis—Example of a paraphrasiendum To curry favour. V. Nomenclature ‡ Memoranda 30 Dec 1815 In §.13 Consult Hermes and quote or refer to the passage in which he uses the word exhaustive. The passages examined there see whether something may not here require to be altered. In d o after seeing […?] copy of Porphyria, alter or correct the Note.
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Title: [6 Oct. 1814 Section 1 '.2 Logic or]Description: 6 Oct. 1814 Section 1 '.2 Logic or Language Ch. Qualities Rules 1. Terms 1 1 Rules for the avoidance of ambiguity, obscurity, and debility, so far as depends upon the choice of words taken singly. I. When the language affords a word appropriated exclusively to the expression of the import which alone it is your intention to express, avoid employing any word which is alike applicable to the expressing of that import, and a different one which may require to be distinguished from it. Substantives - adjectives - adverbs - in the instance of all these parts of speech, frequent breaches of this rule may be found. I. Substantives. 1. The word taste employed instead of the word relish. To relish a thing is to taste it with pleasure. Do you relish this peach ? In this question there is no ambiguity, not even for a moment. But instead of this, oftentimes defined - Do you taste this peach ? and so in the case of almost any other source of pleasure; for example, a poem, a sonata, a building, a landscape. In the French language there exists no appropriate word by which pleasure is represented as an accompaniment of the perception indicated; no word expressive of, I taste with pleasure. Gouter is to taste; and for, to relish, there is again this word and no other. In French, therefore, this imperfection, this ambiguity and inadequacy, this incompleteness, and consequent incorrectness of expression, is the result of necessity. In the word taste, when employed instead of the word relish, this imperfection is needlessly and inelegantly copied. Why ? Answer - from affectation and vain glory, to give the hearer or reader to understand that the speaker or writer is so well acquainted with that foreign language, that it is more readily present to his memory than his own language. 94
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