JB_102_519.xml

Title: [12 Nov r. 1815 Chrestomathia Language]

Description: 12 Nov r. 1815

Chrestomathia Language

IV. Universal Grammar

Parts of Speech Tabulated

The following are the accessory ideas of which the principal ones expressed by the several parts of speech in question must be divested. - Why? Answer. Because of these several accessory ideas, the import conveyed will be found to be equivalent to the import of so many entire propositions.

I. Noun Substantive - Accessory ideas attached to it in some languages.

1. The ideas respectively designated by the words - 1. Gender. 2. Number. 3. Case.

II. Noun adjective - the same.

III. Verb - Accessory ideas attached to it as above in some languages.

1. Person (relation had to the speaker and the being spoken to).

2. Number.

3. Tense i.e. {sign of} Time.

4. Mood or Mode, which is either, 1. Absolute, or 2. Conditional.

The proposition involved in the import of the termination by which Gender, i.e. Sex, is designated.

I. Gender.

1. The person in question, viz. the person in the designation of whom the Noun Substantive to which the termination is attached is employed, is of the sex thus designated: viz. either male or female. Applied to human and most other animated beings, the proposition thus expressed may always be true.

2. The thing in question is of the sex so designated. Applied to unorganized beings, this is never true: and so among organized beings with[?] few exceptions if applied to vegetables. By this absurd falshood, unless complication to a vast amount; conception not only erroneous but pernicious to a considerable amount, is /are/ infused into the composition of the languages in which this execresence is contained: and in particular the Latin, the Greek and the indian languages of which these[?] mutual languages form respectively the main roots.

In the copiously inflected languages (Ex.gr. Greek, Latin, Selavenia[?] and their derivatives) all three these accessory ideas are, all three of them, designated by terminations: letters or combinations of letters added or substituted to those expressive of the principal object. In the sparingly inflected languages for example, Gender, no; Number, yes. Case: the genitive and no other.

In the Russian, a dialect of the Selavenian[?], instances are not wanting in which not only the noun but the verb is encumbered with variations of termination indicative of sex.

JB_102_099.xml

Title: [3 Dec r 1815 Chrestom Language Rudiments]

Description: 3 Dec r 1815

Chrestom Language Rudiments

Properties desirable

Language of an individual good in proportion as it possesses them: of a language in proportion as it affords facility to individuals for giving to their stile these properties

I. Properties or Qualities desirable in language in general—at large—

I. Prop. of the 1 st order

1. Clearness

2. Correctness

3. Copiousness

4. Conciseness or Compactedness

5. Impressiveness

6. Melodiousness

7. Pronuntiability.

8. Discibility

9. Ornability or Decorability

10. Dignity: ex.gr. Period.

II. of the 2 d order

I. Oligothesic or Sparingly inflect[ed]ness—subservient to 1. Clearness 2. Correctness 3. Copiousness 4. Conciseness 5. Impressiveness 6. Discibility

II. Poly-[…?] or […?]-conjugatedness is subservient to 1. Copiousness 2. Conciseness

III. Encherosyncrasia/thesis/—Readily compoundedness is subservient to 1. Copiousness 2. Conciseness

Copiously inflected Lang. s Cause of the inflection by termination the perturbedness of the order necessary to bring the words into measured verse—the identity or correspondence of terminations afforded a mark by which their relations might in this confusion be recognized.

II. Degrees in which these qualities are respectively possessed by different languages.

Beauty is the result partly of negative partly of positive properties. So far as of negative, it is exempt from the imperfections opposite to the other desirable qualities: so far as of positive, in addition to the other positive qualities it consists of Decoratedness

III. Qualities desirable in the language—i.e. the stile of an individual.

 Taking these for the standard of reference, parallel to the columns exhibiting them, put the Column of qualities desirable in a language.

These are

I. Qualities desirable on all occasions, viz.

1. Clearness

2. Correctness

3. Copiousness

4. Conciseness

5. Impressiveness

6. Melodiousness

II. Qualities /more particularly/ desirable for particular purposes, or occasions.

I. Oratorical purposes & occasions

1. Decorableness

2. Dignity or Commandingness

3. Persuasiveness

4. Patheticalness

Dignity—its oppositives 1. Levity 2. Fumblingness

II. Poetical purposes & occasions

1. Ornamentality

N.B. In regard to stile distinguish between the properties that depend upon the words, and d o that depend upon the ideas exclusive of the words.

In so far as they depend not on the words, they belong not to this subject.

Between—Among—Entre

Between—the impropriety produced by its inclusiveness is peculiar to the English Entre in French from Inter (Latin) is not infested with it

Entre serves for between and among

Among will not serve for every state of things for which entre and inter serve.

No otherwise than on the supposition of their being divided into pairs can between server for the case of plurality.

Clearness absence of Ambiguity Sources of—

1. Words taken singly

2. Words considered as ingredients in a sentence: uncertainty to which other words in it they refer ex. gr.

1. Restrictives—only

2. Ordinals—First

Inflected languages

3. Clauses—Adjective Clauses restrictive, as most are N.B. Adjective Changes.

Clearness

I. Instrument of Definition and the other mode of Exposition.

Substitution of a definand, after definition, to the definition itself is analogous to the substitution of a letter to a plexus of [...?] figures in Algebra

2. Avoidance of terms of ambiguous import—unless fixt at the time.

II. Apposite Collocation.

Propositions object they are expressive of i.e. faculties of the exercise of which they are expressive

1. Perceptive—de perceptend[o]

2. Judicative—de judicand[o]

3. Volition—de volendo.

Conjugates viz. Logical

1. Grammatical or Syntactical

2. Extra-/Exo-/syntactical or Logical

Conjugates are

1. Simple or /i.e./ uncompounded

2. Compounded

Conjugates are

I. Integral

1. Contained in a substantive

2. —— in an adjective

3. —— in a verb

II. Fractional. Portions of an integral cluster of conjugates.

Of Terminations in so far as indicative of particular ideas

Conjugates—Pseudo Conjugates and Quasi-Conjugates

Terminations

Different senses designated by the same terminations Ex. gr. By the termination ation the operation and the result.

Modes

I. Properly distinguished

1. Absolute viz. indicative

2. Conditional voz. potential

Note how Tense and Mood run into one another in shall will &c

II. Improperly or unnecessarily distinguished

1. Subjunctive—i.e. indicative of the conjunct use of a conjunction

2. Imperative

3. Optative indicative of a wish—Expressed in Latin and Greek by a conjunction indicating in English by [...?] 1. Oh I wish that

4. Causative

1. Subjunctive is useless

2. Imperative is complex in its signification

3. Optative is useless

4. Causat[ive] is complex in its signification. No use in a separate /peculiar/ [...?] for it

 See the English moods as expressed by the auxiliary Verbs—must—ought—should can, could &c.

Futurity—its Modes over and above the modifications of time

I. Absolute

1. I shall &c

2. I will &c

Conditional

1. I should &c

2. I would &c

Shall expresses futurity and necessity.

Conditionality—its Modes

1. May and might

2. Can and could

3. Should

4. Would

Absoluteness and Conditionality i.e. expressive of

1. Certainty—or

2. Uncertainty.

May and Can

Modifications applied to the import of them by the addition of the negative not

Affections or Modifications of

1. Substantives

2. Adjectives

3. Verbs

An adjective is the name of a quality (or relation) accompanied with an intimation of the existence of a subject in which it is— to which it belongs of which it is a property Abstraction-denoting substantive, name of a quality unaccompanied by any such intimation [...?]

A complex verb is the name of a quality, considered as momentarily belonging or as permanently belonging, to a subject, accompanied with an /the/ assertion of the existence of that quality: viz. either absolute or conditional (i.e. certain or uncertain) in some point or other of time, as expressed by some one or other of the several modifications or relations of time: accompanied moreover or not with an assertion that in the production of the event /quality/ momentary, transient or permanent in question the will of the speaker has a determinate influence

English Substantive its Genitive Cases

1. Not-inflected— the hand of man.

2. Inflected—Man’s hand.

Use of the inflected.

Subserviency to 1. Conciseness. 2. Clearness (viz. by preventing entanglement) 3. Impressiveness (in some cases)

His loss—the loss of him ambiguity of the expression.

Time—its Grammatical Affetions or Modificat.

s

I. Present; [...?] /pastness/ futurity.

1. Definiteness or indefiniteness

2. Continuatedness /Continuedness/ or Uncontinuatedness

3. Designation or Non-designation of Speediness (Paulo-post futurum.)

4. Aboluteness or say Certainty—or Conditionality or say Uncertainty—See Mood.

5. Dependence or Non-dependence of the event on the will of the speaker shall, will, should, would may, can, might, could ought, might

6. Causationality. [...? ...?]. See Moods.

Improvement—Measures of pene individuos continued

Works

Gradus [...?] Names of Subjects classed, with d o of their respective qualities.

Improvement—Modes of

pene individuos.

1. Clearness—by Definition

2. D o by formalizing the words defined /definitions/

3. Employment of new Conjugates in the [...?] of the old. 1. Copiousness and incidentally Clearness, Correctness, Conciseness and Impressiveness

Conjugates Logical Table of

( Add d o of Quasi-Conjugates and Pseudo-Conjugates)

Heads for

1. Part of speech they belong to

2. Import of each

3. Language from which derived

4. [...? ...?] composed from simple

5. Next whether [...?] with relation to the main verb by

1. Suffix

2. Affix.

3. [...?]

4. Modification i.e. substitution of letters.

 [...?] as fit for emulation in English

[...?] Classification.

Grammatically Conjugates Easy to explain them in copiously inflected languages by d o in sparingly d o: the reverse extremely difficult. Example serves in the 1 st case; in the other invention[?] of a subtle logical exposition is necessary.

JB_102_510.xml

Title: [24 Nov r. 1815 Chrestomathia or Language]

Description: 24 Nov r. 1815

Chrestomathia or Language

Ch.9. Thought the basis

The ideas in the designation of which language is employed are reducible to two heads: viz. 1. ideas of subjects (i.e. of entities real or fictitious considered as subjects) and 2. ideas of relations, of relations between subject and subject.  (Quære as to adjuncts and modifications?)

For the designation of ideas of relation attached to the principal idea, the idea of the subject, two modes are employed in language, viz. 1. separate accessory words. 2. modifications of the sign of the principal idea or subject - the principal word.

For the giving an account of these different modifications of idea, the most commodious of all languages will be that in which the greatest use is made of separate words. Why? Because in this case, for the separate designation of each such modification, there is a separate and apposite words already provided by the language.

The language in which for this purpose the greatest use is made of separate words is, it is believed, the English.

The more of these separate words a language possesses, the less demand it has for, and naturally in[?] the less the numbers it will have of, the abovementioned verbal modifications.

These modifications have by grammarians been termed inflections.

In proportion as the number which it furnishes of this modification or inflection is small, a language may be said to be a sparingly inflected;- in the opposite case, a copiously inflected language.