date

10 Dec. 1815 Chre Language
10 Dec. 1815

Chre Language

2

Ch.3 Noun substantive

1. Number

To the noun substantive alone, and neither to the verb nor the noun-adjective, belongs in the nature of the case, the affection or modification of plurality. It is only in the case of the substantive that the attaching to the word the sign of plurality can be of any use. Attached to the verb or even to the adjective, it is so much useless complication. Abel is a good boy. Cain and Abel are good boys. Here the adjective, when employed for giving expression to the plural number, or the state the adjective is in, differs not in any respect from the state it was in when employed for giving expression to the singular number. In Latin the adjective would, in the first case, be bonus, in the other case boni.

True, in the English, in the case where the persons meant are more than one, in the case of the verb, a word is employed different from that which is employed where one and no more is meant to be brought to view. But, even in English, some instances of superfluity in inflection may be found, and this is one of them. As by the noun-substantive alone the two numbers are sufficiently distinguished in other cases, so might they have been in this. For distinguishing the three classes of persons denoted by we, ye, and they, these pronouns serve of themselves, the verb being in the same letters in all three cases, - We love, ye love, they love. In the singular, indeed, the third person is in a different form: - not he love, but he loves. But, as we suffices to distinguish the first person from the third, in the plural, so might I have sufficed in the singular. Accordingly, in the subjunctive mood, which, in so far as it differs from the indicative, is an unnecessary one, love serves for the third person singular, and even for the second person singular, as well as for the first.

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  • Title: [[102–101] 5 Dec r 1815 Chrest]
    Description: [102–101]

    5 Dec r 1815

    Chrest. or Langaguage

    Quality—Synonyms or […?] to— Add Phraseoplerosis

    1. Manner.

    2. Form.

    3. Shape.

    4. Cast.

    5. Texture.

    6. Genus & Species.

    7. Property.

    8. Power.

    9. Relation.

    10. Nature.

    Relation—Synonyms or […?] to

    1. Reference.

    2. Regard.

    Conjugates—Terminations—the most copious species

    1. Substantive Name of an action—tion from the Latin may it not be given to every verb the root of which is Latin.

    In English no. Many classes of verbs have no such corresponding name.

    Being exists not beingment. Hence need of using the participle. But the participle has the inconvenience of superadding the consideration of time and limiting the time to present time.

    2. Substantive name of a quality—termination ity—Derived from the Latin itus.

    3. Adjective name of a quality—termination ble—Latin = bilis.

    4. Verb. Terminative ize.

    5. Adverb. Termination ly. Almost all English adverbs have this termination. Is it not (by contraction) from –like?

    Parts of speech significant in themselves are

    1. Noun Substantive.

    2. Noun Adjective. +

    3. Verb (unmodified).†

    4. Adverb.‡

    II. Not significant of themselves

    5. Proposition.

    6. Conjunction.

    7. Words indicative of mood.

    8. Words indicative of time.

    Good is as intelligible by itself as Goodness—Sole difference, Good gives intimation that the /of a/ subject to which the quality is about to be asserted to inhere /be inherent/ mention is about to be made: whereas Goodness the substantive does not.

    † What is called the Infinitive mood Present tense is the Verb unmodified. In English take away the preposition to it is a substantive. To love: take away the to, you have love—the substantive.

    ‡ This includes in it the signification of

    1. A proposition.

    2. A substantive.

    3. An adjective.

    Noun

    Case—In the singular all but the genitive are in English expressed solely by Pronouns without inflection.

    The Vocative, without. But O may be added or not. Is it not a contraction for Hear. In Latin from Audio? In English either from the or from the French Oyez which is from Audio.

    In English in the singular besides the Prepositional Genitive there is the inflectional viz. –s. But in the plural this inflectional is wanting.

    So in the singular in an adjective, no inflection no preposition: the substantive suffices.

    Gender—is not expressed at all—so much the better.

    Number—is expressed by inflection: viz. by addition of s. But only in a substantive. In an adjective no sign of the plural: the pluralization of the substantive suffices.

    Verb

    1. Person. In English expressed by pronoun substantives without inflection.

    2. Number. In English expressed by pronouns without inflection: except in the second person singular: to which d o plural is almost always substituted. By this means, at the expence of an absurdity simplicity is attained. The singular serves for the language of this […?].

    3. Mood. 1. Absolute is the simple most natural most usually employed. 2. The Conditional is expressed by adjuncts some belonging to Verbs some being conjunctions.

    The pseudo-mood termed imperative is expressed in the singular by the simple omission or non-apposition of the signs of personal relation /pronominal sign/.

    In the plural the expressed pronominal sign is inserted or not according as on the occasion in question it is or is not needed: when inserted the pronoun is put after the verb: and then the imperative is distinguished from the indicative.

    The Imperative mood is indicative viz. of an Act of volition. The Greek subjunctive is either Indicative or Potential.

    May is attributed chiefly to the acts of Nature. Can, to those fo men. This for a general list by apply it at length, by conjugation.

    In the one case, attached to the idea of potentiality or probability is that of power as existing or not in some subject: power, adequate to the production of the event.

    4. Tense.

    1. Future.

    In English the idea of act of volition on the part of some person (say the speaker) is or is not, in the character of the cause of the event the futurity of which is asserted, introduced.

    Where the purpose is to represent the will of the speaker as the cause of the future event, the word [ will] is used in some of the persons and numbers of the verb, the word shall in others.

     Here give the scheme.

    Case II. Tyrannically predictive.

    The will of the speaker meant to be presented to view in the character of the cause of the action.

    I. Singular.

    1. I will strike.

    2. Thou shalt strike.

    3. He or it shall strike.

    Plural.

    4. We will strike.

    5. Ye shall strike,

    6. They shall strike.

    Case I. Simply predictive /Future/.

    The will of the speaker not meant &c.

    1. I shall strike.

    2. Thou wilt strike.

    3. He or it will strike.

    4. We shall strike.

    5. Ye will strike.

    6. They will strike.

    Voice.

    This has place in that case alone in which the verb is /being/ transitive, the proposition formed by it /of which it makes a part/ is complex.

    The Passive Voice has more of complication and refinement in it than the active. It involves the consideration and expression of causation: it brings to view an effect actually produced. It is therefore probably of later invention than the active.

    Mood—Imperative as being the expression of want and desire, is probably of an early invention.

    It is implied and involved in the use of the Vocative case of the tem. Addressed to an individual, the name being a proper one, the Vocative case imports an abstraction, as a common name does, whether the article a or the be prefixt to it.

    Quality—§§. 12. 13.

    In the established import of this word, there is nothing to exclude the idea of transitoriness—shortness of duration: and by including it the use of the word quality may be made coextensive with that of the words to predicate—Prædication.

    Prepositions

    I. Quiescent or Rest-regarding /importing/ […?]

    1. In. Within. 2. On. 3. At. 4. Near. Near to. 5. Far from? 6. With. 6. Above. 7. Under. Below. Beneath. 8. Beside. 9. Opposite to. 10. By. 11. Along.

    II. Motion-importing.

    1. To. 2. From—By? 3. Into. 4. Across—[…?] 5. Through. 6. Round? 7. Out of. Without (Adv.?) 8. Along.

    Conjunctions—1. When. When I go i.e. Development At the time at which I go.

    In its import it therefore includes that of an Adverb designative of time.

    If I go. Development. Grant that a time will exist at which I shall go.

    Of a proposition, whatsoever there is of complexity is always in the prædicate: the subject is always simple excepting that complexity which consists in plurality, where the subject is the plural number.

    Note the complexity which has place where the verb is in the conditional mood.

    Where the verb is in the first person it being a neuter or an active verb the proposition may be a simple one: but if it be in the 2 d or 3 d, the proposition is always a complex one.
  • Title: [13 Dec. 1815 Chrestom. or Language]
    Description: 13 Dec. 1815

    Chrestom. or Language

    1

    '.4 Noun Adjective

    Ch.4 Of Noun Adjectives

    Case, gender, number - of none of these affections of the noun substantive has the noun adjective any need. In all these particulars its import is determined, determined with perfect clearness by the connexion it has with the noun-substantive, by the connexion which the sign of a quality has with the sign of the subject in which it is meant to be represented as inhering.

    In this particular, again, the English may be seen presenting a model of perfection. In the English the adjective is everywhere altogether undeclinable.

    The substantive has but two declensions two signs of modification, - the sign of the genitive case in the singular number, and the sign of the plural number in all cases. In the adjective even these modifications are unnecessary: accordingly, in the English, they have not either of them any place.

    34

    [102-556v]

    Ch. 6.

    Of Pronouns

    Pronouns are either substantive or adjective.

    The pronoun substantive as the name imports, is but a noun substantive of a particular kind.

    The pronoun adjective as the name imports is but a noun adjective of a particular kind.
  • Title: [24 Dec. 1815 Chrestom. or Language]
    Description: 24 Dec. 1815

    Chrestom. or Language

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    Ch.5 Verb

    Tense

    '. Shall and Will

    5

    For placing all this matter in what it is believed will be found a clear light, the following two scales of phrases, by one of which one of the two imports is meant to be expressed, - and by the other of them the other, will it is hoped, be found to serve.

    1. - Case in which the event is meant to be represented by me (the speaker) as dependent upon my will, this may be called the imperative, or dominative, or tyrannically predictive future.

    Singular Number.

    1. First person singular I will perish.

    2. Second person singular Thou shalt perish.

    3. Third person singular He she or it shall perish.

    4. First person plural We will perish.

    5. Second person plural Ye shall perish.

    6. Third person plural They shall perish.