JB_102_551.xml

Title: [12 Dec. 1815 Chrestom. or Language]

Description: 12 Dec. 1815

Chrestom. or Language

'.3 Noun substantive

2. Gender

1

2. Gender.

Gender is the sign either of sex or the absence of it. Masculine and feminine of the two sexes: neuter of the absence of sex.

When the form given to a noun is that which causes it to be said to be of the masculine gender, an assertion which it expresses is, that the object of which the noun is the sign is of the male sex; and so, in the case of the feminine gender, of the female sex. When it is that which causes it to be said to be of the neuter gender, the assertion which it conveys is, that the object of which the noun is the sign is not of either sex.

Applied, as it is, to common names, this modification, wherever it is employed, is altogether an useless one, and not merely useless, but replete with absurdity and pregnant with inconvenience.

The English language is, in relation to this point, a perfect model. It attributes not, on this occasion, sex to any object that is not endowed with it. By the entire name, and not by any particular modification of the name, it attributes sex to such objects as are really endowed with that quality.

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JB_102_517.xml

Title: [13 Nov r. 1815 Chrestomathia]

Description: 13 Nov r. 1815

Chrestomathia

IV. Nomenclature

Exhaustiveness whence Horne's

Grammat Sketch

Ranged in the order of simplicity and conceptibility, and denominated by their usual names, the several parts of speech that are essentially different from one another, and not included any one of them under any other, will stand as follows.

1. Substantive (Noun Substantive).

2. Adjective (Noun Adjective).

3. Verb (Verb Substantive) called also the (Copula).

4. Proposition.

5. Conjunction.

If considered as distinct from all the aboves[?] and not including in itself the import of several of them, the interjection does not form a part of organized language. It is no more than part and parcel of that unorganized language which is common to man and the inferior animals.

In the above list, the word substantive must be understood, considered as unfurnished from those several additionments[?] and modifications by which the relations designated by the words gender, case and number are expressed.

So likewise the Noun adjective.

So likewise the Verb as distinct from those by which the relations designated by the words person, number, Moodes[?] and Tense are expressed.

The Pronoun substantive will be found to coincide in its import and proportion with the Noun Substantive:- and that as perfectly as any one Noun Substantive with another Noun Substantive, that is the sort of relation it bears to the several other parts of speech is the same. The Pronoun Adjective will in like manner be found to coincide in its import and proportion with the Noun Adjective.

The article, whether definite or indefinite, will be found in like manner to be but a species of Noun Adjective.

JB_102_101.xml

Title: [[102–101] 5 Dec r 1815 Chrest]

Description: [102–101]

5 Dec r 1815

Chrest. or Langaguage

Quality—Synonyms or […?] to— Add Phraseoplerosis

1. Manner.

2. Form.

3. Shape.

4. Cast.

5. Texture.

6. Genus & Species.

7. Property.

8. Power.

9. Relation.

10. Nature.

Relation—Synonyms or […?] to

1. Reference.

2. Regard.

Conjugates—Terminations—the most copious species

1. Substantive Name of an action—tion from the Latin may it not be given to every verb the root of which is Latin.

In English no. Many classes of verbs have no such corresponding name.

Being exists not beingment. Hence need of using the participle. But the participle has the inconvenience of superadding the consideration of time and limiting the time to present time.

2. Substantive name of a quality—termination ity—Derived from the Latin itus.

3. Adjective name of a quality—termination ble—Latin = bilis.

4. Verb. Terminative ize.

5. Adverb. Termination ly. Almost all English adverbs have this termination. Is it not (by contraction) from –like?

Parts of speech significant in themselves are

1. Noun Substantive.

2. Noun Adjective. +

3. Verb (unmodified).†

4. Adverb.‡

II. Not significant of themselves

5. Proposition.

6. Conjunction.

7. Words indicative of mood.

8. Words indicative of time.

Good is as intelligible by itself as Goodness—Sole difference, Good gives intimation that the /of a/ subject to which the quality is about to be asserted to inhere /be inherent/ mention is about to be made: whereas Goodness the substantive does not.

† What is called the Infinitive mood Present tense is the Verb unmodified. In English take away the preposition to it is a substantive. To love: take away the to, you have love—the substantive.

‡ This includes in it the signification of

1. A proposition.

2. A substantive.

3. An adjective.

Noun

Case—In the singular all but the genitive are in English expressed solely by Pronouns without inflection.

The Vocative, without. But O may be added or not. Is it not a contraction for Hear. In Latin from Audio? In English either from the or from the French Oyez which is from Audio.

In English in the singular besides the Prepositional Genitive there is the inflectional viz. –s. But in the plural this inflectional is wanting.

So in the singular in an adjective, no inflection no preposition: the substantive suffices.

Gender—is not expressed at all—so much the better.

Number—is expressed by inflection: viz. by addition of s. But only in a substantive. In an adjective no sign of the plural: the pluralization of the substantive suffices.

Verb

1. Person. In English expressed by pronoun substantives without inflection.

2. Number. In English expressed by pronouns without inflection: except in the second person singular: to which d o plural is almost always substituted. By this means, at the expence of an absurdity simplicity is attained. The singular serves for the language of this […?].

3. Mood. 1. Absolute is the simple most natural most usually employed. 2. The Conditional is expressed by adjuncts some belonging to Verbs some being conjunctions.

The pseudo-mood termed imperative is expressed in the singular by the simple omission or non-apposition of the signs of personal relation /pronominal sign/.

In the plural the expressed pronominal sign is inserted or not according as on the occasion in question it is or is not needed: when inserted the pronoun is put after the verb: and then the imperative is distinguished from the indicative.

The Imperative mood is indicative viz. of an Act of volition. The Greek subjunctive is either Indicative or Potential.

May is attributed chiefly to the acts of Nature. Can, to those fo men. This for a general list by apply it at length, by conjugation.

In the one case, attached to the idea of potentiality or probability is that of power as existing or not in some subject: power, adequate to the production of the event.

4. Tense.

1. Future.

In English the idea of act of volition on the part of some person (say the speaker) is or is not, in the character of the cause of the event the futurity of which is asserted, introduced.

Where the purpose is to represent the will of the speaker as the cause of the future event, the word [ will] is used in some of the persons and numbers of the verb, the word shall in others.

 Here give the scheme.

Case II. Tyrannically predictive.

The will of the speaker meant to be presented to view in the character of the cause of the action.

I. Singular.

1. I will strike.

2. Thou shalt strike.

3. He or it shall strike.

Plural.

4. We will strike.

5. Ye shall strike,

6. They shall strike.

Case I. Simply predictive /Future/.

The will of the speaker not meant &c.

1. I shall strike.

2. Thou wilt strike.

3. He or it will strike.

4. We shall strike.

5. Ye will strike.

6. They will strike.

Voice.

This has place in that case alone in which the verb is /being/ transitive, the proposition formed by it /of which it makes a part/ is complex.

The Passive Voice has more of complication and refinement in it than the active. It involves the consideration and expression of causation: it brings to view an effect actually produced. It is therefore probably of later invention than the active.

Mood—Imperative as being the expression of want and desire, is probably of an early invention.

It is implied and involved in the use of the Vocative case of the tem. Addressed to an individual, the name being a proper one, the Vocative case imports an abstraction, as a common name does, whether the article a or the be prefixt to it.

Quality—§§. 12. 13.

In the established import of this word, there is nothing to exclude the idea of transitoriness—shortness of duration: and by including it the use of the word quality may be made coextensive with that of the words to predicate—Prædication.

Prepositions

I. Quiescent or Rest-regarding /importing/ […?]

1. In. Within. 2. On. 3. At. 4. Near. Near to. 5. Far from? 6. With. 6. Above. 7. Under. Below. Beneath. 8. Beside. 9. Opposite to. 10. By. 11. Along.

II. Motion-importing.

1. To. 2. From—By? 3. Into. 4. Across—[…?] 5. Through. 6. Round? 7. Out of. Without (Adv.?) 8. Along.

Conjunctions—1. When. When I go i.e. Development At the time at which I go.

In its import it therefore includes that of an Adverb designative of time.

If I go. Development. Grant that a time will exist at which I shall go.

Of a proposition, whatsoever there is of complexity is always in the prædicate: the subject is always simple excepting that complexity which consists in plurality, where the subject is the plural number.

Note the complexity which has place where the verb is in the conditional mood.

Where the verb is in the first person it being a neuter or an active verb the proposition may be a simple one: but if it be in the 2 d or 3 d, the proposition is always a complex one.