JB_111_066.xml

Title: [1818 Aug. 25 §.2 Things as they are]

Description: 1818 Aug. 25 §.2

Things as they are: or First lines &c.

§.2. Misrule 2. Effects

8

1

II. Principal effects of misrule: waste and oppression.

1. Money is an instrument of happiness, which by being parted with or /and to a great extent/ even without being parted with, is capable of being employed with effect in the production of the means of happiness and thence of happiness itself: that is in the diminution of suffering and the encrease of comfort: in a word of all things which are without a man which are exterior to man, the main instrument of happiness is money. But in every community, large or small, the quantity of money that has place is a limited quantity: the more any one man /member/ has of it, the less is the share /portion/ that remains to al the others.

2. Under every form of government, to obtain for himself or themselves greatest quantity of this instrument of happiness will be the constant aim of the governor or the governors: of the ruling one or of the ruling few: of the Monarch in the first place or of the Aristocracy. To make and keep himself as rich as possible will therefore be the constant aim of every Monarch: to make and keep himself rich /wealthy/, and in so far as happiness depends on riches /wealth/, as happy as possible: and thereby to make and keep the whole people as poor, and thence in so far as unhappiness depends on poverty as unhappy as possible.

3. The same {will}, owing to the influence of the same causes, the same will be the aim of the Members of an Aristocracy: the aim, if not of every member without exception, at any rate of the majority of the members, which comes to the same thing.

130_012.xml

Title: [7 Jan y 1810 Parl y Reform]

Description: 7 Jan y 1810

Parl y Reform

Ch. 10. III. Seat Traffic

'.1

5

5

But he has bought /given money for/ that viz. those privileges by means of which if improperly employed, money may be made /acquired/: he has given money for them, and therefore he will /his intention is to/ make money by them, to wit as much as he can contrive to make.

That under the existing system of venality and corrupt dependence, that a man by whom one /any/ of these seats is occupied will make by it as much money as without preponderant inconvenience, he can contrive to make by it, the individual being unknown is indeed but too probable: it may be added, speaking of A or B, the individual being unknown even preponderantly probable.

Thus far is correct and rational. The /What the/ error consists in is the conclusion that is drawn: viz. that as he has given so much money for the seat, the endeavour on his part to make money by it will be more certain and more strenuous or more certain than if he had obtained it without expence.

For the purpose of guarding against it, taking against it /viz by/ whatever precaution can be employed without preponderant inconvenience - what in such a trust ought in the instance of every man to be expected and apprehended is that as of every other object of desire so of money among the rest[?] he will, by means of such his trust seek to make whatsoever /to his own use whatsoever benefit he can any shape/ he can contrive to make.

The error consists in the first place in the conclusion formed that as above it is from his having given money for /parted with money to obtain/ the seat that the appetite of this man will be sharper after the objects of desire taken all together than that of another man who had got his seat without expence: - in the next place that because what he has parted with to obtain the seat is money, therefore among the several objects of desire obtainable by means of it, money is that for which his appetite is sharper set than for any other.

 Add par. reputation &c - if a open case.

JB_128_232.xml

Title: [1818 Dec r 9 Parl. Reform Bill]

Description: 1818 Dec r 9

Parl. Reform Bill

Principles

Beginning

§.1 Misrule when[?] necessary

11

In default of all other drains, under every Monarchy an /the/ army – the standing

army would of itself /under any Monarchy/ be sufficient to push /swell/ the quantity

of product of regulated extortion up to the very /utmost/ limit of the capacity of

endurance /supply./ to drain /draw/ from the pocket of the people the utmost quantity

of money capable of being extracted /drawn out/ by taxes.

2. An instrument of defence against aggression from without /abroad/ – an instrument

of aggression abroad – an instrument of oppression at home – a toy to play with – in

all these distinguishable characters is an army an object of universal concupiscence.

Of these four uses /purposes/, the first is of course the only one avowed: and if

this were all the quantity coveted might have its limits. But if so it were that for

this purpose it were the whole of it compleatly unnecessary /needless/ no demand for

it at all, the demand of it /need /desire made[?]/ of it/ for the three other

purposes would not be the less intense: and even for the best of them frivolous as it

is /even for the last one /purpose/, were it even the only one/, the desire would be

insatiable. A play-thing such as now[?] but a Monarch can shew is to a Monarch beyond

all price: and the larger /vaster/ the toy, the more matchless, and the more

matchless the more valuable. An army is a doll magnified. What a doll is to a girl in

leading strings an army is to a prince: Sixpence dresses out the small doll /little

baby/: millions of pounds are bestowed every year upon the great one.

[marginal insertion:] Soldiers are already to be seen, in whose coats the cloth is

not to be seen for the gold that covers it: if all were thus covered with gold, those

who are now covered with nothing better than gold would be covered with diamonds.

In treaties, holy or unholy If the only avowed object, self defence, were the only

real one, the stipulations would have for their subject /object, not armament but

disarmament: not the keeping up of troops, but what is somewhat more easy, the

abstinence[?] from keeping them up.