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1818 Nov. 4
Things as they are
Ch. 1. Psychological Cases
§.2.I. Self-regarding interest
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§.2 I. Of self-regarding interest and affection.
Now as /at the time/ the term self-regarding was it was found indispensably necessary to employ it; to employ this, or if not this some other term no less new.
In the language were indeed found already the terms selfishness and self-interest. But to each /both/ of these is become attached a conception by /in the use of/ which /in /by/ the use of/ if not separated from it, the thickest confusion, and most extensively pernicious errors would be involved /introduced/. In the use of both there is involved a sentiment of disapprobation /a judgment of condemnation/. Which such are the instruments of discourse employed, it is impossible to speak of this species of interest of interest in this shape, without passing condemnation on whatsoever regard a /every/ man has for himself: in a word for that affection on which the life of /the existence and operation of/ every individual, and thence the existence of the whole species depends. So much for the word selfishness: and in a case not very determinably different is the word self-interest: if there be any difference, in the case where self-interest is employed the disapprobation the condemnation is not quite so strong. Still however an expression of disapprobation and condemnation more or less intense, accompanies the use of it: and /though/ as to the degree of the difference it is perpetually varying and indeterminable.
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Title: [1818 Nov. 4 Things as they are]Description: 1818 Nov. 4 Things as they are Ch. 1. Psychological Causes §.2.I. Self-regarding interest 2 That in regard to this affection, and the acts of which it becomes /is/ productive there are instances in which the /any degree of/ condemnation so passed is properly and aptly passed out of dispute such for example is the case in so far as by the guidance /acts performed under the impulse/ of this interest in any circumstances {the} a greater interest of /belonging/ the same individual or in certain circumstances an interest to a certain degree greater belonging to other individuals is sacrificed. But on this or any other consideration to pass condemnation on the species of interest indiscriminately /without distinction/ {and in the aggregate and in all acts whatsoever performed under the impulse of it} {is} /would be/ no less an absurdity, than if condemnation were passed upon him for having a mouth and stomach: to pass condemnation in all acts performed under the impulse of this species of interest would be to pass condemnation on every man who eats for eating /each[?] […?]/, and on every man who drinks on every act of eating and on every act of drinking.
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Title: [1818 Nov. 4 Things as they are]Description: 1818 Nov. 4 Things as they are Ch. 1. Psychological Causes §.2. Self-regarding interest 3 Address yourself to any member of the ruling few, ask him whether selfishness has any place, whether self interest has any power in his breast, he will answer you in the negative: or rather taking the question for an affront, such will be his indignation he will remain mute. But if for a designation of self-regarding interest as above explained - if for the designation of this universally operating and indispensably necessary principle in human nature there be no other terms than these, the answer he will thereby give you is not only a notoriously {absurd} one /false one/, but a most flagrantly absurd one. If this were all the mischief would not be great. But from /by/ /in/ the falsity from the absurdity, mark now the absurdity which is involved. As in my breast no such interest as self interest has place no such affection as self interest has any operation, the sense of my duty is the only efficient cause by which on every occasion my conduct is influenced. But my duty is or at any rate part of my duty is to serve the universal interest to serve the whole body of the people to the utmost of my power. Such accordingly is my constant aim: and this being the case, the exclusive advantage that belongs exclusively to me is the score[?] of intellectual aptitude and active talent being moreover the fruit of situation and experience, so[?] on no occasion can I fail of possessing an indispensable title to your confidence.
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Title: [[clxiv. 231] 1820 July 6 Emancipation]Description: [clxiv. 231] 1820 July 6 Emancipation Spanish ?.8. Corruptive influence Ends and Means of Governm t Sinister sacrifice Monarchs sacrificers Instance Ferdinands tortures Of the ratio of the force of self-regarding interest to social interest the measure will be compounded of the number of the persons whose interest a man is disposed to sacrifice to his own personal interest, and in the instance of each such other persons the magnitude of that interest: the degree of predominance will be in the direct ratio of this magnitude multiplied by the number of the persons in question, and in the inverse ratio of the magnitude of that interest of his own to which he is on each occasion disposed to make the sacrifice. In this compound ratio is the degree of selfishness Thus Give an example In so far as it is an object of disapprobation, preference of a mans own interest to other interests is termed selfishness Only where the ratio is inordinate can the sentiment of disapprobation so entertained be just and reasonable The degree of selfishness has for its measure The greater the quantity of /mans/ power a man has, the greater, unless in so far as any cause tending to diminish it /the quantity/ be assigned, is the degree of his selfishness. Insert power howsoever constituted - 1. by law 2. by wealth 3. by influence of understanding on understanding derived from reputation. The situation of Monarch of all others is the situation in which the greatest degree of selfishness ought to be looked for. In this situation, the expectable degree of selfishness to be looked for /expected/ will be as the quantity of the power attached to it.
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