JB_111_265.xml

Title: [1820 Feb. 17 Radicalism not dangerous]

Description: 1820 Feb. 17

Radicalism not dangerous

III. Experience

II. Ireland

Radicalism origin of

Reputed Instruments of felicity

1. Money

2. Power

2

The quantity of felicity produced in any human breast by these objects of general desire does not rise /encrease/ in any proportion to the quantity of the aggregate mass of them. It is always a question whether in the breast of an average Monarch in an unlimited monarchy the quantity of felicity be twice as great as that in the breast of an average day-labourer in constant employment is always questionable: that it is so much ten times as great, no man it is believed will look upon him to assert with confidence.

This being agreed, a consequence is that in every community the quantity of felicity will be the greater the nearer the approach to equality is in the manner in which they /such of them as are divisible,/ are divided.

Of these several instruments of felicity and objects of general desire the only essential and permanent ones /articles/ /ones that are susceptible of division/ are money and power: these accordingly are the only ones which have a necessary place under every system of government.

Considered as appendages of government /political power/ factitious dignity, vengeance and ease, are characteristic of bad government.

Factitious dignity is the fruit of /product /offspring/ of/ pure illusion on the one part, and of imposture on the other. The effect of it in so far as it has any is purely mischievous. Suppose money, and power /its preeminence on money and preeminence on power together with factitious dignity/ altogether absent, the portion of respect and affection each man possesses - the portion of natural dignity each man possesses, will be dependent on his good behaviour will depend on the degree in which the virtues of /virtue of beneficence in conjunction with that of prudence, including/ self-regarding prudence are regarded as being present in or wanting to his conduct.

JB_129_265.xml

Title: [1820 Feb. 20 Necessity of Radicalism]

Description: 1820 Feb. 20

Necessity of Radicalism proved from the Radical Principles of Constitutional Law

Heads proposed

1

Topics 20 Feb. 1820

{ §.1. Governors interest every where opposite to governed’s d o –

self regard g interest predominate: one requires maximum of

inequality the other of equality

§.2. This applied to the several repeated instruments of falsity, not dependent upon

common self. 1 in the case of Monarchy: 2 In the case of Aristocracy. 3 In the case

of Democracy

§.3. Opposite to the assumption made by all advocates of all governments but

democratical – by writers in general – The notion a vulgar error – the dissemination

of it a fallacy

1 Causes of the error and correspondent fallacy

§.5.2 Consequences in regard to 1. Political Institutions

promoting misconduct in all public functionaries: by sinister application of the 3

Sanctions

§.6. – 2 – National intellectual strength and moral purity.

§.7. Practical result.

1. In new communities representative democracy

2. In Britain, democratic ascendancy

§.8. Course to be taken for counteracting the effect of the vulgar error and

correspondent fallacy}

{§.4. Origin of the vulgar error and correspondent fallacy}

{Title proposed 20 Feb. 1820

Necessity of Radicalism proved from the radical principles on the field of

Constitutional law, as deduced from experience.

Ch.1.* Equality – its subservience to general felicit[?]

§.1. + Sole justifiable end of government – greatest happiness of

the greatest number

§.2. Maximum of equality the tendency measu}

§.1. Sole justifiable all-comprehensive end of government – greatest happiness of

greatest number

§.2. Distinguishable particular ends, subsistence abundance equality, security –

their relation to each other. See Dum.[?] Princip.

§.3. Subsistence and security obtained, equality the leading means of happiness –

happiness so far as depends on things exterior to man, is in proportion to it

§.3. Means of {happiness} /{felicity}/ exterior to a mans self, d o interior: - exterior, the d o instrument of felicity.

§.4. Instruments of felicity

1. Common to governors and governed: 1 matter of wealth (i.e. of subsistence and

abundance) and 2. natural power

§.5. Instruments of felicity created and reserved to themselves by government 1

factitious dignity. 2 privileged vengeance. 3 factitious ease.

§.6. Maximum Equality in respect of wealth in so far as consistent with security and

abundance – its subserviency to general felicity.

§.7. Equality in respect of power, its subserviency to general felicity abstraction

made of the effects on government

§.8. Equality in respect of the powers by which government is constituted – its

subserviency /necessity/ to good government. (Reasons follow.) Sole good form of

government representative Democracy.

§.9. Cause of the bad side[?] of every other form of government. Necessity of

predominance of self-regarding interest over social in every human breast: consequent

propensity in governors to engross as much as possible the whole mass of the exterior

instruments of felicity, at the expence of the governed.

§.10. Consequence – under every form of government, sacrifice of the interest of the

governed to their own carried by the governors to the highest pitch possible.

Effect of the corresponding propensity since[?] on the severally[?] part[?] of

govern. what?

§.11/ 2/. Use made by them if to this purpose of the several

sanctions or sources of inducement by which human conduct is influenced and

determined: viz. 1 the physical. 2. the retributive. 3. the political including the

legal. 4. the popular or moral: 5. the sympathetic. 6. the super-human or religious.}

§. 13 Opposite Assumption made {to the opposite of fact} by all

governors, and their supporters in every government but a democracy. – its absurdity

and extravagance vulgar error contained in it. – fallacy employed in the

dissemination of it.

1820 Feb. 20

Necessity of Radicalism proved from the Radical Principles of

Constitutional Law –

Heads proposed

2

§. 14 Causes of the rise and predominance of this error – craft

on the one part intellectual weakness on the other

§. 15 Consequences of this error – means by which it produces

misconduct on the part of governor, infelicity on the part of the governed.

§. 16 In all contests between governors and governed, the

greatest pox[?] only blames his […?] on the part of the governors.

§. 17 Application made of the error in the case of the English

Constitution – ways in which it produces misconduct in necessary official situations

– depradation – oppression – waste.

§.17* Continuation – Ways in which it gives birth to needless useless and pernicious

situations – religious establishments

§. 18 Blindness /Insincerity/ and mental weakness produced by it

in all minds of the Representative democracy and democratic ascendancy – democracy

the sole eligible government in a new-formed state – democratic ascendancy preferable

in the United Kingdom – why

§ 20 Objections to representative democracy and democratic ascendancy, their futility

– confutation given to them by experience. See Radicalism not dangerous.

§.21 Course to be taken for eradicating the radical /vulgar/ error the prevalence of

which is thus incompatible with good government.

Inserenda 24 Feb. 1820

§ In a mixt Monarchy, corruption is effectual, inseparable and all-pervading.

§.18* or 13*. Groundless and ridiculous laudation and adulation produced by it (Every

thing most religious – Portraits in the Liturgy like Portraits and Plans and Views in

old Chronicles

§.17* English Constitution By what accidents the good there is in it was produced.

King and Barons found more[?] money could be got from people by cajolement than

force.

King and Barons mutually called on the people.

When nothing could be done without people’s representatives – they found it

necessary to let in Lords – they and Lords to let in People’s representatives for a

share of the plunder.

§. Of Distant Dependencies sure effect preponderate evil in the governing and

governed states. Yet by accident the only good form of government was the result of

Colonization

§.9*. or[?] Every man[?] has its price no more than are imperfect rudiments of the

essential[?] […?]

§. For the same reason that English mixt Monarchy is good as compared with pure

Monarchy it is bad as compared with Repres. ve Democracy

Inseparable from such mixture is the growing worse and worse.

§. Among the power rulers a universal error or pretence is that {for} the[?]

political power[?] men are exempted from moral obligation: that by such hands

whatever is done is right.. On this need[?] /ground/ the language of England can not

be outstretched /outstripped/ by the language of Spain.

§.21. If each Monarch & Aristocrat is in the right in maintaining[?] the

inequity each individual of the subject many is not the less in the right in

endeavouring to release himself from under it: he is not only […?] to himself but to

all others who are in his case.

§ Nobilitas sola atque unica virtus.

036_014.xml

Title: [[xxxvi. 14] 1821. April 9.]

Description: [xxxvi. 14]

1821. April 9.

First Lines

First Principles

Appropriate aptitude

aptitude is inversely as altitude

\PS\ Moral aptitude is inversely as altitude in the scale of political property, political influence - compound scale of power, opulence and factitious dignity

Education being supposed not deficient, nor subsistence wanting,

Aptitude, with relation to the exercise of political power, is inversely as the height /altitude/ of a man's place in the composite scale of political influence. This composite scale is composed of three elementary scales,the scale of opulence, the scale of power, and the scale of factitious dignity (a)

In the scale of opulence, language has not yet afforded, as in the scale of temperature, denominations designative here and there of the different degrees. No precise station, therefore, can here be designated by the terms opulent and unopulent. All that can be expressed is - their relative stations: viz. that in the station marked by the term opulent, the quantity of the matter of opulence is greater than in the station marked unopulent.

With relation to useful qualities in general, and in particular with relation to those of which appropriate aptitude with relation to political functions in general is composed, the following are the considerations by which, on the part of the opulent, appropriate aptitude considered in all its branches, inferiority stands indicated.

1. As to moral aptitude -

1. The greater the quantity in value of the services which, at the hands of those on whom his comforts depend, a man has at command, without rendering any correspondent services in return - sevices positive and negative together - positive consisting in the exercise of positive beneficence, negative consisting in the exercise of negative beneficence, that is to say forbearance from injury and annoyance in all their shapes, the less the need he feels for the exercise of such beneficence on his part.

(a)The scale of factitious dignity - for shortness instead of saying the scale of factitious causes of respect