[113-079v]

1821 June 20

Codification Offer

'.9 Draughtsman gratuitous

'.9. The greatest happiness of the greatest number requires that the work in question be performed, if possible, gratuitously: in such sort that no factitious reward in any shape, at the hand of any person, shall be received or expected from it.

The subject being factitious reward, and question being between the absence and the presence of it, a few words may here be of use, to shew what it is that by the means of the preceding considerations, is looked upon as proved.

1. The Code, all-comprehensive: 2. with a rationale for its accompaniment: 3. shewn in the rationale the conduciveness of each distinguishable arrangement to the all comprehensive end so often mentioned: 4. the reasons or sets of reasons attached in the way of [...?] positions to the several arrangements which they are employed to explain and justify: 5. throughout the whole field of law the work thus described the work, if possible, of a single hand: to wit a hand not possessing any share in the supreme operative power of the state, nor yet dependent on it 6. that it be known to be so; and 7. that it is known universally known - whose that hand is: 8. that, as between two individuals a native and a foreigner equal in respect of all other points of appropriate aptitude, the grounds of preference as to such parts to which his aptitude extends - to wit every thing that does not depend on local circumstances, is on /belongs to/ the ground belonging to the foreigner: were it only that were the hand that of a native i.e. a member of the community in question he would either be himself a sharer in the supreme operative power of the state, or by means of eventual punishment or reward dependent on it: but that, /at the same time/ if by no foreigner /foreign hand/ any adequate promise of superior appropriate aptitude is afforded, that of a native is not to be - can not be - rejected: and that forasmuch as in every political community, there will be some subordinate part /and specific portions/ in the field of legislation which for want of local knowledge the hand of a foreigner will not be competent to cover, it would were it only on this account be necessary that the last hand should be set to the Code in every part by those in whom the supreme power of the political community resides.
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    Description: 1821 Nov. 11 Codification Offer '.8. Foreigner best '.2. II. Intellectual

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    II. Next as to appropriate intellectual aptitude. On the present occasion this

    element of appropriate aptitude will require to be further decomposed:

    decomposed into appropriate judgment and appropriate knowledge.

    1. In regard to appropriate judgment, on the occasion of the question as between

    a single hand and divers hands, mention came to be made of the erroneous tracks

    into which the pen of every such Draughtsman stands exposed to be led by

    prejudice in different shapes: thence probability of correspondent aberration on

    the part of the work from the all-comprehensive end so often mentioned. These

    prejudices will to a large extent be of a local nature: peculiar in degree of

    strength at least if not in kind to the country in question. From the influence

    of these causes of error, while the native labours under it, the foreigner

    stands free.

    The foreigner will have his prejudices to contend against, and in particular his

    local prejudices. But here, as in the case of interests and affections, while

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  • Title: [1821 Nov. 11 or 12 Codification Offer '.8]
    Description: 1821 Nov. 11 or 12 Codification Offer '.8. Foreigner best '.1. I. Moral

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    '.8. The greatest happiness of the greatest number requires, that, aptitude in

    other respects not being inferior, the hand be that of a foreigner rather than

    of a native.

    On this occasion again, as on every other, if a solution be desired of the

    question concerning the probability absolute or comparative of appropriate

    aptitude it must be considered separably and successively, with reference to the

    several elements of which such aptitude is composed.

    I. As to appropriate moral aptitude. In both situations, the obligation of

    including in the work a perpetually interwoven rationale, will be a most

    substantial security. In both situations with or even without a rationale, the

    principle of singleness in workmanship, will, it is true, if adopted, be, of

    itself, as hath been seen ('.5.) a very considerable, though as will be seen not

    equally efficient security. Still however, in the case of the native, there will

    be the swarm - the unascertainable and incalculable swarm - of personal

    connections, thence of particular and sinister interests and affections, from

    the irresistibly-tempting and seductive influence of which, the situation of the

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    Supposing him employed, the foreigner will be an object of more notice than the

    native, and thence of proportionable jealousy. He will be more closely watched:

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  • Title: [[160-455v] 1821 Nov r 13 Codification]
    Description: [160-455v]

    1821 Nov r 13

    Codification Offer

    '8. Foreigner best

    '.8. Foreigners work a bond of sympathy

    To form a distinct conception of the advantage suppose a work of the sort in question drawn by the hand of a foreigner, and then another of the same sort as far as may be drawn by the hand of a native. Take first the work of the foreigner. In this unless forced into it by the native legislators after its coming into their hands, no particular and thence sinister national interest or affections no national prejudices to be truckled to: No homage from nation to nation to be paid: no national self-humiliation in any shape. In he instance of each ulterior nation, by the amount of the obstacles of this sort thus excluded, will the chance which the Code has of obtaining adoption be encrease.

    Take now the work of the native. In this, it is true, here as before, we must suppose the end throughout pursued the all comprehensive and only defensible end - the greatest happiness of the greatest number - so often mentioned In this case too, as in those others we must suppose the existence of that exclusively efficient security for aptitude on the part of the work - a perpetually interwoven rationale. Still however after every thing which, by the obligation of giving admission to this security can have been done towards the exclusion of those efficient causes of inaptitude has been done, still to an amount more or less considerable they will actually have been left to operate upon the work, and in the texture of it will have given birth to those pernicious effects. But, to the present purpose the question is - not merely of those same pernicious effects what portion will actually have been produced in the work, but by the other nation what portion of them will naturally be supposed to have been produced in the work, and to have place in it accordingly: To this question the nature of it considered it will in any instance not be possible to find any precise answer. But that which to the present purpose is sufficient, amy be affirmed with full assurance: and that is, that, by a work, produced under the influence of particular and thence sinister interest and prejudices, national as well as individual, and this without the benefit of any check or correction applied by any impartial hand - by a work so circumstanced the utmost confidence that can be inspired can never be equal to that which naturally falls to the share of a work in the composition of which the operation of all those causes of inaptitude had been so effectually excluded, as in the case of the foreigner than would be seen to be.

    Having been drawn, the original draught it is true must have had a hand to draw it: and by the supposition that hand is a hand who with reference to the ulterior nation in question is the hand of a foreigner. But by the supposition so would it in the other case.