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1822 Feb. 18
Thoughts on Official Economy
The Crown. The expression serves as an instrument of
delusion and for eluding of responsibility.
Of every Office so circumstanced that the holder of it - the
functionary the interest is in a state of opposition to the interest thence of the
happiness of the greatest number the existence is a grievance.
Offices worse than useless - Offices positively and purely pernicious
are 1. the Kingly or say Monarchical Office: 2. every Aristocratical Office - every
Office the holder of which as such possesses a share in Legislative, Administrative
or Judicial power without being displaceable immediately or unimmediately by the
suffrages of the people
1. Proof of perniciousness, interest opposite to that of the greatest
number
2. Disproof of the presumptive evidence of usefulness afforded by
custom - beginning in remote i.e. in early times. Take earliness of date for evidence
of ability to get in every instance to a state of things of which the existing
examples are to be seen in New South Wales etc
3. Monarchy pure Monarchy the original because the simplest form of
government. It had its origin in the necessity men were under of putting themselves
under the command of a single chief in the wars between one savage or barbarian tribe
and another. Thus arose on one part the habit of obedience, on the other part the
habit of command, and by the frequency of actual war and the constancy of preparation
for a state of war the habit of obedience and command was preserved from
interruption.
The children and next relations of the Monarch being naturally most
frequently in his society /company/ and in the largest proportion sharers in his
confidence, hence it is that the elective Monarchy naturally passed into a hereditary
one
But though this was the natural and in the first instance /in early
times/ the inevitable state of things, it follows not that it was the state of things
in the highest degree contributory to the greatest happiness of the greatest
number.
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Title: [[clxii. 30] 1820 Aug. 5 Emancipation]Description: [clxii. 30] 1820 Aug. 5 Emancipation Spanish Summary? Notes on the Expenditure Table Kingship its use Instead of introducing the question about the use of Monarchy in a state in this Table, introduce this Table as an illustration of the question concerning the use of Monarchy. The contents of this Table /This Table/ are of a nature to present some instructive considerations. Quere /Question/ what is the use of a King to a people? Answer. The question tacitly involves one assumption, and for that assumption there is no ground /a groundless one/: namely that it was in consideration and for the sake of its use to the people that the Office was instituted. In no instance had it /the institution/ ever any such consideration for its cause any such consideration. Its causes have been 1. Necessity. 2. Habit. 3. Terror Every where at all times, the human species have been divided into bands, more or less numerous occasionally hostile to one another. In times of hostility, /On occasion,/ Necessity, prescribed by Experience, compels men to submitt to some one leader. In this way were formed the two corresponding habits by which government is constituted: on the one part the habit of command, on the other part the habit of obedience In the extreme point of its urgency the necessity lasts not longer than the state of war lasts. But in the early stages of society more particularly, to the time during which war lasts there is no assignable limit. Here then /Thus/ we have established government, and that government monarchical.
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Title: [1819 Sept. 19 II 5. Nov Not used Parl]Description: 1819 Sept. 19 II 5. Nov Not used Parl. Reform Bill or Defence ag. Ed Review Reasons §.2. Electors who Females? Historical cause 1 1 In the case of the female sex the conclusiveness of the rational causes of the exclusion may remain exposed to doubt. The actual efficient causes may be assigned without much difficulty: they are grounded in the historical causes Whatsoever men find established by custom, they are disposed /have a natural tendency/ /stand/ to regard as right: as being upon the whole if not positively beneficial to society at any rate innoxious For this opinion /In /To/ this persuasion/ they are altogether justifiable, so long as no preponderance of evil is shewn to result from it, there can be nothing to object. Hence unless preponderant reasonable causes to the contrary are seen to have place to the contrary, the historical causes are rational /reasonable/ causes, what has been and is now ought to be in future In the eyes of reflecting wisdom custom as /is always/ presumptive evidence of propriety, but never as conclusive. In the eyes of weakness and ignorance it is as /throughout/ conclusive Not to speak of other countries the historical causes why females have stood excluded from the right of suffrage /voting/ on the occasion in question is obvious enough In Military government may be seen the origin of all other government: in war no effectual power of resistance /assault or so much as defence/ can any body of men ever possess without a leader: the more continued the habit of warfare, the more continued the habit of command on the one part of obedience to the other. Formed during a long-continued war, the habit of obedience would naturally continue during /in/ the intervals of peace. In the early ages of the Monarchy antecedently to the institution of the representative system, a state of war being the ordinary state of society in the country, the head ruler would naturally be of the male sex.
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Title: [[lxxxiv. 145] 1822 Feb. 5 Codification]Description: [lxxxiv. 145] 1822 Feb. 5 Codification Offer 4¼o ? 5. Admission Universal Members unapt At a given moment suppose the equiponderance to have place: to the prejudice of the royal interest of the ruling one /ruling one/ there is nothing that can destroy it: to the prejudice of the interest of the subject many, every new motion that can be given to the machine /change that is capable of having place/ suffices to destroy it. On the one hand any one new office in the gift of the ruling one suffices to destroy it: on the other hand so does any one regulation by which the liberty of public discussion is narrowed: for it is only by means of and in proportion to the liberty of public discussion that the greatest number the subject many can give employment to whatsoever power may have been professed to be given to them, in law to give employment to it their advantage Not only a plausible pretence for new offices may at all times be made but a real and irresistible demand for new offices will frequently have place. An /Every/ addition to the military establishment is a cluster of new Offices. Every new distant dependency acquired is a cluster of new Offices. Every war is an immense and indefinitely extensive cluster of new offices Every instance of preparation for war is /creates/ a cluster of new Offices. In a mixt Monarchy There is no end to the incidents each of which is capable of giving and in the habit of giving birth to so many clusters of new Offices. Every intimation given of a fact prejudicial to the reputation of an individual possessed of a certain share of power or influence produces an endeavour to restrain the liberty of public discussion: and the endeavour is the more strenuous the more uncontrovertibly true the imputation is, and the more disreputable the conduct that has been imputed So, every opinion in the field of government or religion contrary to any of those to which the form of government has been employed to give currency.
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