JB_034_021_001.xml

Title: [1823. May 2. Leading Principles]

Description: 1823. May 2.

Leading Principles

S.1. Ends arrived at

1.

1. All-embracing end of this Constitution, maximizing national felicity, in so far as depends on Government.

2

2. Of all, in so far as no competition: of greatest number, in so far as competition has place.

3.

2. Sole right and proper, primary, all-comprehensive and direct end, the above: right and proper secondary all-embracing but collateral end, minimization of expence.

4.

All felicity is good: but all government is in itself an evil: good, only relatively, and in so far as it excludes greater evil: evil produced by it in this view at it's expence.

5.

Specific and jointly all-embracing ends — 1. Subsistence 2. Abundance 3. Security 4. Equality

6.

[Exposition?] Matter of subsistence every thing by want of which, positive suffering would be produced.

In so far as distinct from security, time it refers to is but one instant.

7.

Applied therefore to subsistence, maximization can afford nothing but extent, i.e. number, of the individuals.

8.

Abundance, an instrument of felicity. 1. on it's own account. 2. as security for subsistence.

9.

Security is 1.for good; 2. against evil. Interconvertible the expressions — fugitive the distinction: such the inconvenience, perhaps irremediably, attached to language. But to some purposes the one, to others the other; is most convenient.

10.

The good for which security is may be , 1. Property: i.e. matter of subsistence & abundance 2. Power 3. Reputation. 4. Conditions in life.

Power: viz. 1. domestic: 2. political.

Of condition in life, the good is composed of property, power & reputation.

11.

Security for persons is security against the evils, of which a man's person may be the seat: person, includes body and mind.

12.

Evil is 1. from calamity, i.e. non human agency: 2. from hostility: i.e. human agency.

13

Principal shapes of calamity 1. Inundation 2. Conflagration. 3. Pestilence. 4. Famine: though to all, may human agency be instrumental.

14.

[Note?] Add collapsion when in large masses.

15.

Hostility is of enemies: i.e. 1. External. 2.Internal.

16.

Internal adversaries are evil doers. 1. Unofficial. 2. Official.

17.

Unofficial, are stiled malefactors, offenders, delinquents, criminals: these are resistible: mostly with success.

18.

Official, namely the head, & all inferiors in so far as supported by the head, are irresistible. These have no such dyslogistic names.

19.

In a community, evil is as magnitude and extent: magnitude as intensity and duration, or extent as number of sufferers.

20.

Minute in all these elements is the evil by which the community may suffer from unofficial compared with from official adversaries yet is this last evil over- looked: the authors of that covered with reproach; of this, with praise.

3* The sole and actual end of government, in so far as it is good. Actual desired ends of all government, the felicity of the governor. In so far as the governed are governors, the right and proper end and the actual end coincide.

8* Subsistence, though the matter of it is included in the matter of abundance, yet, considered as an end in view no more can be distinguished from it: it is only the expence of abundance that subsistence, can in request of maximized, be managed.

036_133.xml

Title: [[xxxvi. 133] 1822 June 29 Constitut]

Description: [xxxvi. 133]

1822 June 29

Constitut. Code

Supreme Operative

I. Monarch

His interest sinister

2. Take in the next place the four immediately subordinate ends of the Non-penal or distributive branch of law: Subsistence, Abundance Security and Equality in so far as the less important are compatible with the more important, maximized.

1. Subsistence. This it is true it is his interest they should have: that is to say such of them as are in a condition to work and can be made to work: for, unless he lives, man can not work. /for man can not work any longer than he lives./

But it is the interest of the greatest number that whether able or not able to work they should live which is as much as to say that they should subsist that they should have subsistence /in which is included the having subsistence/.

2. Abundance. This also it is his interest they should have: and the more /greater the quantity/ they acquire /produce/ and thence have, the greater the quantity which it will be in his power, as it can not fail to be in his inclination, to get out of them /these/ for himself. But so long as by any act of his, any addition how small so ever, which could not otherwise be made to the stock of the matter of abundance to the stock of their portions neither passing into and through his hands, how great may be the quantity which by this same act is taken out of their hands or prevented from finding its way into them will to this same personal interest of his be matter of indifference.

3. Security. Security is for body, mind, reputation, pecuniary property power, condition in life: it is against against injury at the hands of external evil doers, internal evil-doers not being functionaries, and internal evil doers being functionaries. Security against external evil doers, i.e. against foreign enemies his personal interest prompts him to maximize, so long /far/ as no expectation of profit presents itself from the restriction or diminution or destruction of it. But that which he is continually upon the watch to get is - an augmentation of the mass of the external instruments of felicity in his hands at the expence of other communities: and in the way /by means/ of war, that is murder upon the largest scale, this he never can get but by the diminution and as to so much the destruction of the security of his subjects as for the several possessions above enumerated.

037_019.xml

Title: [1821. April 7th. First Lines.]

Description: 1821. April 7th.

First Lines.

Explanations.

Civil Law

Subsistence, abundance, security and equality: by these then will be presented to view the several subordinate or particular ends most immediately in contact with, and branching out from, the only legitimate and universal end of Government - the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

By subsistence, understand the means of subsistence: by abundance the elements of subsistence and all other external and /tangible/ transferable instruments of gratification, and thence objects of desire, in quantity exceeding by an indefinite amount the quantity necessary to subsistence.

Neither subsistence nor abundance neither in /by/ the import of the word subsistence, nor in the import of the word abundance is any relation to futurity necessarily involved. In the import of the word security, that relation is constantly and necessarily involved: the present being at all times but a point, the word security can never present itself without presenting to view one point at least which is neither the present nor the past.

Security may be considered with reference to the objects which ae secured, and with reference to the objects against which they are secured.

Taking human beings individually considered, these are the only real entities considered as being secured. But when a particular and practical application comes to be made of the word security, certain names of fictitious entities in common use must be employed to designate so many objects to and for which the security is afforded. By the words person, reputation, property, condition in life - by these four names of fictitious entities all the objects to which, in the case of an individual, the security afforded by Government can apply itself may be designated. Reputation, property, condition in life - these are obviously names of fictitious entities: person as here employed ministers to the same purpose. For, to the present purpose, person means an object divisible into body and mind. For, security is against injury, and the body being exposed to one set of injuries, the mind is exposed to another, and an altogether different set