date

1820 June 10 Emancipation Spanish
1820 June 10

Emancipation Spanish

'.7. Rulers gainers

Abstractedly considered, the gain to the ruling portion of the community whether from the source in question or from any other, the gain /profit/ to the ruling portion, as to any other portion, of the community, is as far as it extends /by the whole amount /extent//, profit to the whole. If it /the effect/ be loss to the whole, it can only be in so far as loss to others, loss more than equivalent to the profit, is among the results of the operation by which the profit is produced.

In forming an estimate of the balance

The position the truth of which is to be enquired into is /are/ - that, while to the subject many the dominion in question is not productive of any profit in any shape, but on the contrary of great loss /to a great /vast/ amount/, to the ruling few on the contrary it is productive of great profit /to a great amount/: and that, of course, in that smaller profit they /you/ may see the undoubted /unquestionable/ cause of that greater and more equivalent loss.

In any /every/ estimate taken on the occasion of this account two circumstances require to be taken into consideration 1. The one is where, without equivalent regarded by him as such, money is by one many for less use, taken from another, both standing upon the same level in the scale of wealth, the difference between the enjoyment produced by the profit, and the suffering produced by the loss.

2. The other is the difference in the effect produced by the same sum, whether on the receiver /party receiving it/ in respect of profit, and enjoyment or the fairly deprived of it in respect of loss and suffering according to the level in which they repectively stand on the scale of wealth.
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  • Title: [1820 June 10 Emancipation Spanish]
    Description: 1820 June 10

    Emancipation Spanish

    Ult r

    '.7. Rulers gainers

    From the consideration of the first circumstance results the following rule

    1. Pecuniary circumstances equal, suffering, from the loss of a given sum is greater than enjoyment from the corresponding loss.

    Thus, suppose two men whose wants are the same possessed of ,100 each: ,50 suppose is taken from the one and given to the other. I say the suffering to /experienced by/ the loser is more than equivalent to the enjoyment received /experienced/ by the gainer. For, while the property of the loser is diminished by and reduced to one half, the property of the gainer is augmented by no more than one third.

    This is one reason why /cause to which/ upon the balance, the practice of gaining is so pernicious /indebted for the preponderant mischievousness of its effects/

    2. The lower /the level in which/ a mans circumstances /Other circumstances equal/ stand in the scale of wealth, the greater the enjoyment /suffering/ is, which is produced by teh gain /requisition/ of a given sum, and the greater the suffering produced by the loss of it: and conversely the higher the less the enjoyment and the suffering.

    ,50 acquired by the man who has but ,100 may make him intensely unhappy: ,50 taken from him /left by him/, still more intensely miserable. ,50 gained or lost by a man who has ,1,000,000 will scarce produce a sensation in either cases.
  • Title: [1820 June 10 Emancipation Spanish]
    Description: 1820 June 10

    Emancipation Spanish

    Ult r

    '7 Rulers gainers

    3. By the ruling few nothing is ever received and gained without being /but that or there is/ taken, and without /any understood/ /reputed/ equivalent, from the subject many.

    These things considered, it will be /found/ undesirable, that by /of/ every amount of profit received by the ruling few as such, over and above what is necessary to engage fit men in the discharge /performance/ of the several functions, the effect to the whole community composed of both together is loss and correspondent suffering, and proportionable suffering in consequence of that loss.

    Thus stands the amount, antecedently to any consideration had of the effect of /any influence produced by the contemplation/ such /any/ excessive profit on the conduct of the ruling few.

    But in a multitude of instances, and to a vast extent it will be seen that in order to produce to themselves a given profit /with its attendant enjoyment/ it is necessary to the ruling few to afflict /subject/ the subject many to a much more than equivalent loss with its attendant suffering.

    Under every head of profit to the ruling few it will therefore be material to observe in what proportion it is that loss to the subject many is attached to it: for any head of profit will be more and more mischievous, according as in proportion as the ratio of the loss to the profit is the greater.

    Accordingly for example let it be /be it/ observed, that which from was including preparation for war the loss to the subject many is greater than from any other imaginable source, so is the profit to the ruling few. And in this correction[?] and proportion may be seen on mans cause though not the only cause-, of the wars by which in every country the subject many have been, and are doomed to be, afflicted.
  • Title: [17 Sept. 1803 Evidence Instructions]
    Description: 17 Sept. 1803

    Evidence

    Instructions

    Considerations

    Of a quantity of pecuniary interest represented by any given sum (say ,100) the force will be in a prodigious degree different, according as a result of the decision to the witness will be gain or loss to the amount of that same sum according as it is gain to that amount or lost to that same amount that will be the result. The mischief /suffering/ produced to a man by a loss to any given amount is much more than equivalent /equal/ to the enjoyment that would be produced by gain to that same amount. If a man who has /is worth/ ,400 gains ,200 his fortune after the gain /acquisition/ is to his fortune before the acquisition but as to 4: if a man who has ,400, loses ,200 his fortune after the loss is to his fortune before the loss but as 3 to 6. If a man who has ,400 gains another /other/ ,400 his condition after the accession is not very high: if a man who has ,400 loses the ,400 his condition after the loss is as low as it ever can be. When a man who had originally ,400 receives a gain of ,400, his state /fortune/ is capable of receiving accession upon accession without end: but when a man whose original fortune was as ,400 has lost ,400, his loss at that single [...?] is as great as it can be /there is no room, in [...?] for any further losses/.