date

[clxiv. 89] 1820 May 29 Emancipation
[clxiv. 89]

1820 May 29

Emancipation Spanish

/ZA/ Quere whether to insert this page?

Taken as it is /stands at present/ your Constitution I have said is that of a mixt Monarchy: and of that sort for which its principal and sole efficient ingredients has Monarchy and /with/ representative democracy.

As to the English I know not very well what to call it. If it be a mixt Monarchy /setting aside a little contraband and ever precarious liberty of the press/ it is a mixt Monarchy with /so far as concerns the subject many/ the effect of a pure despotism. That along with the Monarchy there is no effective representative democracy - no no representative democracy capable of temporizing the acerbity of it is but too certain. If it be a mixture it is with some of the forms of representative democracy, a mixture of Monarchy with Aristocracy: the Monarchical or the Aristocratical branch predominating according to the ever changeable /mental/ character of individuals on both sides, the sport of the people being at all times divided between them in proportionally /correspondently/ changing proportions: but by any check which the rapacity of the aristocracy may oppose to the rapacity of the advisers of the Monarch, no diminution applied to the loss no assuageant applied to the sufferings of the people, only variation made in the proportion in which the matter /[...?]//fruits/ of plunderage are divided among the sharers.

At one tine the appearance of what was termed the representatives of the people having more or less of ground with reality in it the mixture of Monarchy and Aristocracy had a further mixture of representative democracy in it. But for a long time some time past the mixture of democracy has had no place, otherwise than in form and pretence: the elective power of the democracy has been absorbed into the aristocracy; and the aristocracy, as such not having the immediate command over any part of the public money, to the advisers of the Monarch, constantly sells its power to the sharers in the administrative branch of the efficient power, to the Monarch and his advisers, the price varying each and every day according to the state of the market: according to the strengths of negative wills on both sides.
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  • Title: [[clxiv. 86] 1820 May 29 Emancipation]
    Description: [clxiv. 86]

    1820 May 29

    Emancipation Spanish

    Thus stands the case as to pure representative democracy. But your form of government my friend yours is not /as yet at least/ a pure representative democracy. It is a mixt Monarchy: a mixt Monarchy composed of Monarchy and Democracy with little or no /but a slight tincture/ of Aristocracy. The official power in the hands of the Monarch and his advisers: the elective power in appearance and to a greater or less degree in reality, in the hands of the otherwise subject multitude.

    Now then see what sort of a thing a Mixt Monarchy is.

    Punch, the sort of beverage which originated in England, and was for some time peculiar to England - Punch, according to the doctrine put by the jest-book into the mouth of a Frenchman, is the liquor of contradiction: there is the brandy to make it strong, there is the water to make it weak, there is the lemon to make it sower, there is the sugar to make it sweet.

    With at least equal truth and to somewhat greater use, a mixt monarchy may be said to be the constitution of contradictions money power and factitious dignity. There is the elective power in the hands of the subject many to make /secure on the part of/ the sharers of the legislative branch of the efficient /operative/ power the due fulfilment of that duty /brief/ there is the administrative branch of the efficient /or operative/ power the aggregate mass of the external instruments of felicity and objects of universal desire, in the character of the matter of corruptive influence in all its shapes and in the whole of its amount to secure on the part of those same trustees the violation of their trust.
  • Title: [1822 June 16 Economy etc Thus]
    Description: 1822 June 16

    Economy etc

    Thus it is that exposure to corruption - unpunishable corruption is of the very essence of the representative system. It is of the very essence of a Representative Democracy It is of the very essence of a mixt Monarchy having in its mixture /any other body, and in particular/ a body of Representatives of the people or in a word any other body. To found to establish any such Mixt Monarchy is therefore to establish corruption - to establish it, and even by law: to establish any such Representative Democracy is to establish Corruption to establish it even by law: in this respect between a Representative Democracy and a mixt Monarchy with a Representative body in it there is no difference.

    Between the two Governments not then in that point lies the difference: it lies in this: namely that in a Representative Democracy arrangements may be /are capable/ made, and accordingly have actually been made by which the tendency to corruption has been prevented from being at least to any perceptible /considerable/ degree /degree worth considering/ carried into effect: and the sinister sacrifice to any considerable prevented from taking place: whereas in a mixt Monarchy by no arrangements can that tendency be prevented from being carried into effect by no arrangements can that tendency be prevented from being continually on the encrease by no arrangements can the effect itself be prevented from being continually on the encrease: on the encrease, untill either all difference in effect between the mixt Monarchy and the absolute one be obliterated, or in consequence of the suffering produced by the perfection /degree/ to which the sinister sacrifice has been carried the people be to such a degree exasperated as to rise and abolish the mixt Monarchy now become in effect a pure one and set up another in the stead of it.
  • Title: [1822 June 16 Economy etc Of]
    Description: 1822 June 16

    Economy etc

    Of a mixt Monarchy containing /with/ a mixture of Democracy the people exercising their power by Representatives of theirs it is the distinctive character to have in its composition a class of functionaries on whom the matter of corruption may and can not but

    A form of government in which there is a representative body composed of functionaries located by the people at large contains a mass of corruptible matter, for which in any other form of government there is no place. This mass is the body composed of these same delegates of the people. Wherever such a body has place corruption has for its constant tendency, the effecting a change in the very /whole/ form character and essence of government: There are two forms of government in each of which this mass of corruptible matter has place a representative democracy, and a mixt Monarchy composed of a Monarch and a set of representatives of the people with or without the addition of an aristocratical body, not dependent for its existence or its composition on the people. In both these cases, the effect of the corruptive process in so far as it operates is to give encrease to whatsoever opposition had place at the outset on the part of the delegated representatives of the people as towards /in relation to/ their constituents