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[clxiv. 268]
1820. Sept. 5. 1822 Aug. 9 Inapplicable or Superseded
Emancipation Spanish /Constitut Code/
Summary
? Corruptive influence?
or ? Domination impossible?
GG. If you cannot exclude Monarchy, minimize its power.
If Naples prefers your Constitutional Monarchy to a Republic, it /Monarchy/ is best for her: if Sicily prefers a Republic to your Constitutional Monarchy, it /a Republic/ is best for her. Would to God I /Oh that I could but see/ both countries united in any form! united under a Constitutional Monarchy, or under a Republic, or the one under the one form of government the other under the other. At this distance I can not take upon me to be sure /to say/ that these men were in the wrong, who in Spanish America used their endeavours to establish a Constitutional Monarchy under a different Monarch in preference to a Republic. To /For/ all Candidates for office /who look to office/ true it is that a Monarchy is beyond comparison better than a Republic and for the same reason a mixt Monarchy better than a pure one. True. But in this or that particular State it follows not that mixt Monarchy only because it is best for the influential few is relatively a bad one: for if no better is to be had it is best for the subject many likewise. In a Republic there are no needless or overpaid offices, because there is no Corrupter-General to employ the pay of them in paying /luring/ the Representatives of the people to betray their trust, and join with him in plundering their constituents. In a pure Monarchy though the pride and vanity of the Monarch [...?] needless Offices, it is only through the /his/ indolence and negligence of the Monarch if there be any overpaid ones: for as there exists no man to whom any declared resistance can be opposed to his will can be opposed, so there is no one in whose instance resistance requires to be softened. As to a republic, so it be at once practicable and palatable what makes me prefer it to a mixt Monarchy is that not only a /is the best/ mixt Monarchy is not only not so good as a republic at the first, but that by its very nature it is destined to grow worse and worse: worse and worse till by repose it sinks into a pure Monarchy, as ours has so long been sinking, or by convulsion rises into a republic, as ours, if ever it rises at all, seems destined to rise. A republic (bating extraneous accident such as all governments and all men are exposed /liable/ to) will in proportion as it changes, grow better and better, because there is something to make it better till it arrives at the best and nothing in it to make it worse. A pure Monarchy can not grow worse, because /for/ it is at all times at the worst. A mixt Monarchy alone is by its very nature destined to change, and that only one way, namely by less bad to worse. It is made worse and worse, by every man added to the army under the Monarch, and by every penny added to the taxes. By the every man it is made the more tyrannical; by the every penny it is made the more corrupt, and by every armed man not only the more tyrannical but the more corrupt: for to encrease the army is to encrease not only force but patronage.
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Title: [1820. Sept r. 24 Emancipation Spanish]Description: 1820. Sept r. 24 Emancipation Spanish '. 5 Corruptive influence But as it is impossible that by a war sucessful or unsuccessful so as the ill success does not pass certain limits a limited[?] Monarch should not in respect of his particular and sinister interest be a gainer - gainer by the increase given to the matter /mass/ of coercive force, gainer by the increase given to the matter of coercive influence, so it is impossible that to /in the breast of/ a Monarch so situated, there should not be a perpetual tendency to plunge the nation into a war, on every occasion in which a prospect of carrying it on without loss to himself presents /should present/ itself. And thus it is that a nation which under a mixt monarchy suffers itself to be plunged into an unjust and unnecessary war, hastens whatever be the effect of the war its own enslavement. Since therefore under a mixt monarchy war without any endeavours or designs to that effect, /on the part of the monarch and those around him expressly deputed to notice/ the government is continually sliding on in its course to the gulph of despotism, it follows that under a mixt monarchy, but for measure expressly taken for the purpose of giving it a contrary tendency, such sooner or later will infallably be the effect. Such measures so as they be but successful, and carried into effect without bloodshed depredation and destruction to a preponderant ammount can not be too efficient and effective can not raise /give/ the government too great a move /an advance/ up the hill on the summit of which pure represenstative democracy has its seat. Why? because that is the only form of government which is good, that is the only form of government which is stable: pure monarchy is raised upon /seated in/ a crater, under which a fresh[?] volcano may at any at any time burst forth: mixt monarchy is ever upon the slide sliding downward towards this gulph in which rises the elevation in the crater of which despotic monarchy is situated
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Title: [PRIVATE Constit. France 1792-3]Description: PRIVATE Constit. France 1792-3 The faculty of All Government depends upon /is constituted by/ the disposition to obedience. The surest pledge of disposition is habit. Disposition as far as depends upon reason can be looked for only from the privileged few /superiorly instructed and enlightened few/ Disposition as far as results /resulting/ from habit may be looked for from the many. There is no virtue in absolute monarchy, mixt monarchy or republicanism distinct from utility In England it is /is and long has been/ a crime to endure any other sort of government than the particular sort of mixt monarchy there established In France it is at present a still greater crime to endure any thing but a democratical republic. The first end or object is security: the next is equality. Security stands before equality: because where there is most inequality, no man's condition, the condition of the lowest is not so bad, but that want of security may make it worse. Civil liberty is comprehended in security. What has contributed most to raise the passion for political liberty is its having obtained the same name of liberty with the civil. Political liberty, even in its utmost conceivable state of perfection, is not itself an ultimate /a proper/ end of government: it is valuable only as a means to the two ultimate ends of security and equality. A Republic requires more intelligence than even a mixt monarchy: as it is the bulk who govern, things will never go on well till even the bulk are well informed. If once it is well established it promises to be the most lasting of governments: for there is nothing beyond. The Euthanasia of the British Constitution is a Republic. The French in forming a Republic are sacrificing the happiness of the present generation to that of the future.
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Title: [[clviii. 344] 1822. June 15th.]Description: [clviii. 344] 1822. June 15th. Economy etc 38 10. Recapitulation. Corruptor General Chief of the State in Republic, President etc: in Monarchy, Monarch. Eventual Corruptees, two sets: 1. People's Representatives, possessors of or sharers in the supreme operative: 2. People themselves - their Constituents: i.e. locators and eventual dislocators. 39 11. Process of corruption how carried on. Needless altogether is all concert and explanation between Corruptor and Corruptee: perceptible operation in this view, none: thence, responsibility none. Sufficient is the state of interests and situations to make known to each what will be agreeable to the other and obtain from him the object of his desires. 40 12 To Executive Functionary, it is known that Offices etc. can not but be objects of desire to Representatives and their connections: he makes distribution of them accordingly. So to Legislative Functionary that only proportion as he keeps them on foot and causes new ones, will the Executive have them to dispose of: he makes provision for them accordingly 41 13. From what has ever hitherto been done in these several ways in the situation in question, each learn at all times, and without error, what will be done in future. 42 14. Thus is corruption - and that unpunishable - of the essence of the Representative System: in Republic, as well as Mixt Monarchy. In both cases, to establish Representation is to establish Corruption. No Representation, no such Corruption: no trust, no breach of trust 43. 15. As to this point, between Democracy and mixt Monarchy behold the sole difference. Antiseptic arrangements, the nature of the case affords, by which effective corruption, and the correspondent sinister sacrifice may nearly or altogether be prevented. These a Representative Democracy may and does employ a Mixt Monarchy never has employed nor can employ: on the contrary, it minimizes the employmt. of them, and maximizes the employment of the opposite septic arrangements. 44 16. This maximization continues, till either all difference in effect, between mixt and pure Monarchy is obliterated, or the people, exasperated past endurance by the misery produced by the consummation of the sinister sacrifice, withdraw their obedience altogether, and thus abolish the mixt Monarchy, substituting to it some other form of Government - Representative Democracy the most probable - in the state at which the human mind is arrived. Follows the description of these antisceptics.
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