date

1821 Nov r 18 Jug Util 3
1821 Nov r 18

Jug Util

3

§ All comprehensive sketch

3

Of the mention made of the above supposition the chief purpose has been to shew that in the view taken of the subject no part of it has been passed over: and that therefore the view thus taken wants not any thing of MS orig. ‘any of thing of’. being what it undertakes to be an all-comprehensive one.

Proceed we now to those suppositions and persuasions the prevalence of which is beyond comparison so much more extensive.

If the cause in question—namely Natural Religion is contributory to human happiness by being contributory to the giving determination or say direction to human conduct, it must be either by contributing /furnishing in whole or in part/ /furnishing or contributing to the furnishing/ to the formation of a directive rule, or by furnishing or contributing to the furnishing inducements for the observance of a directive rule, whether of its own furnishing or furnished from some other quarter—say furnished by some other hand.

N.B. /In this case/ The directive rule will be a rule pointing out [to] human conduct a path, by keeping to which throughout, happiness will be enjoyed in greater quantity than by proceeding either constantly or occasionally on any other path.
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  • Title: [A few editorial pencil marks, perhaps Grote]
    Description: A few editorial pencil marks, perhaps Grote.

    1821 Novr 18

    Jug Util

    5

    § All comprehensive sketch

    5

    Thus it is that if by contributing to give determination to human conduct Natural Religion be in any way contributory to human happiness, it must be by means of a directive rule or rules or by means of a sanction or sanctions, furnished by it.

    By a temptation is meant any pleasure or exemption from pain the present enjoyment or eventual expectation of which is considered as operating with or without success in the character of an inducement, inducing man to proceed in what is regarded as a wrong path, /to the dereliction of/ in preference to what is regarded as the right one.

    Any step which by the force of the temptation a man has been led to take in such wrong path, /may be termed and/ is commonly termed a

    misdeed.

    The tendency of a temptation is to produce misdeeds, the tendency of a sanction is to prevent them /misdeeds/.

    Temptation then there are as many and as various as the occasions on which by the eventual expectation of pleasure or exemption from pain in any shape a man may be led into the commission of a misdeed in any shape. Temptations are inducements regarded as detrimental to human happiness—in a word as pernicious—say mischievous upon the whole. Sanctions are inducements regarded as contributory to human happiness, in a word as beneficial upon the whole.

    Of Sanctions the aggregate mass may be derided, and in this occasion requires to be divided by means of two different sources of division: One source is the nature of the inducement itself, the other the nature of the source from which it flows.

    From the consideration of the nature of the inducement itself sanctions may be and commonly are divided or distinguished into remuneratory: and punitory: remuneratory when the inducement is composed of pleasure or exemption of pain, held out to view or regarded as consequent upon the proceeding on the course prescribed by the correspondent directive rule: punitory where it is composed of pain or loss of pleasure held out to view or regarded as consequent upon the proceeding in a course opposite to that prescribed by the correspondent directive rule: in other words, as consequent upon the yielding to the correspondent temptation, transgressing the correspondent directive rule, and committing in the correspondent shape a misdeed.
  • Title: [1821 Nov r 18 Jug Util 7]
    Description: 1821 Nov r 18

    Jug Util

    7

    § All comprehensive sketch

    7

    In the course of the inquiry it will be seen

    1. Whether Natural Religion is of itself, and independently of alledged Revealed Religion, capable of furnishing any directive rule.

    2. /If any/ Whether if it operates at all, it can operate otherwise than by supplying and in so far as it supplies sanctions—its own superhuman sanctions, in such sort as to contribute to the giving effect to directive rules issuing from other sources: i.e. from human ones.

    3. Whether in so far as it operates by furnishing /[...?] [...?]/ sanctions and applying [...?] to the giving effect to directive rules issuing from human sources, it is in its nature to be contributing to human happiness upon the whole: whether it is not in its nature to be detrimental to human happiness upon the whole.

    4. Whether it be in the higher degree contributing or detrimental to human happiness (understood all along in the present life) it may be so either by its immediate operation independently of alledged Revealed Religion, or by giving or contributing to give rise to alledged Revealed Religion in its various shapes.

    Note, that if, either by directive rules furnished by it, or by sanctions held out by it, Revealed Religion in its most beneficial or least pernicious shape is necessarily detrimental to human happiness by /an amount/ degree greater than that in which it is contributing to human happiness in the life in question, a fortiori so it is in all others, and by a greater amount.

    Note moreover that by contributing to give rise to such most beneficial or least pernicious of alledged Revealed Religion it has contributed to the several Establishments that have had their rise in that same Religion to the Establishments, and thereby to all the effects good and bad of which they have been and are predictions.
  • Title: [1821 Nov r 18 Jug Util 4]
    Description: 1821 Nov r 18

    Jug Util

    4

    § All comprehensive sketch

    4

    This path or line of conduct or course of action by proceeding in to which more happiness may be enjoyed than by proceeding in any other call it for shortness the right

    path: any other path, /or line of conduct or course of action/ a wrong path.

    Note? Quere whether to insert.

    /On this occasion/ Figurative as it can not be deemed to be, language /then/ equally figurative must be employed, or no language in any shape can be employed: for since all ideas have their origin in sense /in sense/ produced by matter, the nature of man furnishes not any means of designating unnatural objects without /but through/ the instrumentality of material ones.

    An inducement is the eventual expectation of some pleasure or of exemption from some pain. An inducement to proceed in a certain path, line of conduct or course of action is the eventual expectation of enjoying some pleasure in the event of a man's proceeding on the occasion in question in the path, line or course in question, or of suffering some pain in the event of his not proceeding on that same occasion in that same path, line or course. By no other cause speaking in the character of a sort of inducement is human conduct ever influenced or capable of being influenced.

    An inducement to proceed in what is regarded as a wrong path is commonly stiled a temptation: an inducement to disregard /to infringe/ or violate the corresponding directive rule.

    An inducement to proceed in what is regarded as the wrong /right/ MS alt. in another hand. path, line or course is commonly stiled a sanction. But in this case the existence of a correspondent directive rule is supposed: and the effect or tendency of the sanction is to produce conformity to the course marked out by the directive rule.