date

A few editorial pencil marks, perhaps Grote
A few editorial pencil marks, perhaps Grote.

1821 Novr 18

Jug Util

5

§ All comprehensive sketch

5

Thus it is that if by contributing to give determination to human conduct Natural Religion be in any way contributory to human happiness, it must be by means of a directive rule or rules or by means of a sanction or sanctions, furnished by it.

By a temptation is meant any pleasure or exemption from pain the present enjoyment or eventual expectation of which is considered as operating with or without success in the character of an inducement, inducing man to proceed in what is regarded as a wrong path, /to the dereliction of/ in preference to what is regarded as the right one.

Any step which by the force of the temptation a man has been led to take in such wrong path, /may be termed and/ is commonly termed a

misdeed.

The tendency of a temptation is to produce misdeeds, the tendency of a sanction is to prevent them /misdeeds/.

Temptation then there are as many and as various as the occasions on which by the eventual expectation of pleasure or exemption from pain in any shape a man may be led into the commission of a misdeed in any shape. Temptations are inducements regarded as detrimental to human happiness—in a word as pernicious—say mischievous upon the whole. Sanctions are inducements regarded as contributory to human happiness, in a word as beneficial upon the whole.

Of Sanctions the aggregate mass may be derided, and in this occasion requires to be divided by means of two different sources of division: One source is the nature of the inducement itself, the other the nature of the source from which it flows.

From the consideration of the nature of the inducement itself sanctions may be and commonly are divided or distinguished into remuneratory: and punitory: remuneratory when the inducement is composed of pleasure or exemption of pain, held out to view or regarded as consequent upon the proceeding on the course prescribed by the correspondent directive rule: punitory where it is composed of pain or loss of pleasure held out to view or regarded as consequent upon the proceeding in a course opposite to that prescribed by the correspondent directive rule: in other words, as consequent upon the yielding to the correspondent temptation, transgressing the correspondent directive rule, and committing in the correspondent shape a misdeed.
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  • Title: [1821 Nov r 18 Jug Util 6]
    Description: 1821 Nov r 18

    Jug Util

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    § All comprehensive sketch

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    Considered in respect of this source, sanctions remuneratory and punitory together may be distinguished and on this occasion require to be distinguished as to human and superhuman.

    Human sanctions are in a word all sanctions but the superhuman.

    Superhuman sanctions are those sanctions, remuneratory and punitory together which have Natural Religion for their source: inducements constituted by the expectation of eventual pleasure or exemption from pain, pain or /eventual/ pain or loss of pleasure at the hands of an Almighty Being invisible to human eyes. The final paragraph is in red ink.

     Here insert 1. Enumeration of the several human sanctions: with their correspondent points of coincidence and distinction.

    2. Illustrative of exemplification of them all in the application made of them in the case where the correspondent temptation is the pleasure of drunkeness.

    1821 Nov r 18

    Jug Util

    6

    § All comprehensive sketch

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    Considered in respect of this source, sanctions remuneratory and punitory together may be distinguished and on this occasion require to be distinguished as to human and superhuman.

    Human sanctions are in a word all sanctions but the superhuman.

    Superhuman sanctions are those sanctions, remuneratory and punitory together which have Natural Religion for their source: inducements constituted by the expectation of eventual pleasure or exemption from pain, pain or /eventual/ pain or loss of pleasure at the hands of an Almighty Being invisible to human eyes. The final paragraph is in red ink.

     Here insert 1. Enumeration of the several human sanctions: with their correspondent points of coincidence and distinction.

    2. Illustrative of exemplification of them all in the application made of them in the case where the correspondent temptation is the pleasure of drunkeness.
  • Title: [1821 Nov r 18 Jug Util 4]
    Description: 1821 Nov r 18

    Jug Util

    4

    § All comprehensive sketch

    4

    This path or line of conduct or course of action by proceeding in to which more happiness may be enjoyed than by proceeding in any other call it for shortness the right

    path: any other path, /or line of conduct or course of action/ a wrong path.

    Note? Quere whether to insert.

    /On this occasion/ Figurative as it can not be deemed to be, language /then/ equally figurative must be employed, or no language in any shape can be employed: for since all ideas have their origin in sense /in sense/ produced by matter, the nature of man furnishes not any means of designating unnatural objects without /but through/ the instrumentality of material ones.

    An inducement is the eventual expectation of some pleasure or of exemption from some pain. An inducement to proceed in a certain path, line of conduct or course of action is the eventual expectation of enjoying some pleasure in the event of a man's proceeding on the occasion in question in the path, line or course in question, or of suffering some pain in the event of his not proceeding on that same occasion in that same path, line or course. By no other cause speaking in the character of a sort of inducement is human conduct ever influenced or capable of being influenced.

    An inducement to proceed in what is regarded as a wrong path is commonly stiled a temptation: an inducement to disregard /to infringe/ or violate the corresponding directive rule.

    An inducement to proceed in what is regarded as the wrong /right/ MS alt. in another hand. path, line or course is commonly stiled a sanction. But in this case the existence of a correspondent directive rule is supposed: and the effect or tendency of the sanction is to produce conformity to the course marked out by the directive rule.
  • Title: [1823 Feb. 19 Greece Beginning]
    Description: 1823 Feb. 19

    Greece

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    Of appropriate active aptitude the degree possessed by the functionary in question will in like manner be in the conjunct ratio of innate aptitude, and the effective force of the inducements by which in the situation it has happened to him to occupy he has been led to give added vigour to his innate appropriate aptitude, and at the same time to make application of it to operations bearing more or less analogy to the functions of the Office with relation to which his appropriate aptitude is considered.

    Exposure to the effective force of the several sanctions spoken of /here just mentioned/ as capable of furnishing inducements promotive of appropriate aptitude whether with relation to the exercise of a public function such as the above or to the /a persons/ general condition in life whether endowed or not /invested or not/ with any such public function is commonly termed responsibility © his responsibility

    Responsibility is accordingly according to the nature of the sanction by which the inducements are considered /regarded/ as afforded distinguishable into political including legal responsibility, and moral responsibility the degree of it being the degree of his exposure to the force of the /action of the/ popular or moral sanction, as applied by the Public Opinion Tribunal.

    Note that to each such sanction belong two distinguishable branches © the punitory or say penal, and the remuneratory: the penal, in the case where the inducement is constituted /[...?]/ by the eventual expectation or fear of pain; the remunerative, in the case where it consists in the eventual expectation or hope of pleasure that is to say of the possession of any such things as are commonly regarded as instruments of pleasure or of good in its other shape exemption from pain.

    Note however that by any eventual expectation of the matter of good whether in its positive or its negative shape as above no such condition as that of /the sort of condition commonly designated by the word/ responsibility is in common language considered /regarded/ as being constituted /brought to view/.