1822 Oct. 27

Constitut. Code

Art as actually practiced

/Ch.III or Preface? Sovereignty in whom/

The art of Government, as every where practiced is the art of producing to the persons exercising the powers of government the greatest quantity of happiness /felicity/ possible in so far as obtainable by means of the external instruments of happiness /felicity/.

The science of government has been the corresponding science:- the knowing how to produce etc, as above

The external instruments of felicity are the fruits /the products/ of human services which in so far as they are contributory to the happiness of the person in question with reference to them are beneficent services - useful services valuable services

The art of government has therefore been the art of extracting from the persons over whom the powers of government are exercised for the benefit of the rulers as above services in all shapes in which it is regarded as contributory to the happiness of those same rulers

The incorporeal instruments by which services are extracted /obtained/ are obtained by influence operating on the will or the understanding Influence operating on the will is either fear or hope: influence on the understanding operating by /by the production/ correct conceptions is reason - reasoning - right just argument: influence operating by the production of incorrect conceptions is delusion.

Services are extracted by fear through the medium of penal laws; by hope, through the medium of patronage by delusion, through the medium of factitious dignity. By Penal laws it is only in particular shapes /this or that particular shape, on this or that particular occasion/ that service can be extracted: by patronage and factitious dignity it is extracted in all imaginable shapes, and on all occasions.