[clviii. 345]

1822 May 26

Economy etc

Ch. Securities for I Moral Aptitude

Interests identified

1. First security, interests individual and universal identified.

Compleat is this security in so far as by all, in so far as depends on Government equal to all is the participation of good and evil.

2. Compleat the opposition of rulers to people's interest, in so far as rulers have more good and less evil.

3. By each man, on each occasion, that course of action will be pursued which in his eyes at the moment promises most good to himself. In so far as, in consequence of his actions in this view, good befalls the rest of the community, the identification of his interest with the people's has been compleat.

4. The identification has place in so far as in consequence of his acting in pursuit of his own interest, the interest of the whole is advanced by such his action: its good being encreased, or its evil diminished

5. Efficient cause of identification of interest, community of good and evil.

6. Required by greatest number's greatest happiness that, on each occasion, this identification have place: that, on every occasion, by encrease given by each man to his own happiness do. be given to the universal happiness: and by diminution effected by him in the universal happiness, diminution of his own be effected likewise.

7. Of his influence, the efficiency being given, his conduct will be favorable or unfavorable to universal happiness according to the degree in which this identification has had place.

( Go on with this.)

8. or 1. Opposite to identification, oppositeness of individual to universal interest i.e. of interest to duty.

9. or 2. Cause of such oppositeness 1. Law. 2. Delinquency.

10. or 3. Consequences where law is the cause.

1. Evil maximized.

2. Difficulty of cure maximized.

3. Moral turpitude of the authors maximized.

4. Form of the Government the original cause.

5. This form unchanged, cure impossible.

11 or 4. Where the evil has the law for its cause, by the legislature and rulers for the time being, it is conceived to be their interest that the evil shall exist: viz whether they give creation, or only preservation: here, it has for its proximate cause their will.

12. On the largest scale then are depredation, oppression, etc. perpetually committed, and with impunity and without hope of redress or relief.

13. Government is then the worst or aggregate of all nuisances: support to it, hostility to the people.

14. In so far as the state of law and government is the cause of the evil, government being so constituted that by it the interest of the rulers has been made opposite to universal do., it has for its cause that inaptitude which is opposite to moral appropriate aptitude: in so far as not law etc. but individual delinquency, that which is opposite to intellectual and active aptitude.

15. Intellectual aptitude, when deficient in rulers, appropriate supply may effectually be afforded by any hand, how obscure soever - viz appropriate information.

Moral aptitude there deficient, all such information is useless: either it will not be attended to, or will not be put to use: of the offer, not gratitude but hatred will be the effects: the more pressing the offer, the stronger the determination to exclude the community from the benefit

16. In this state of things, sole remedy, abatement of this nuisance: substitution of a form conducive to universal interest to the one thus opposite.

17. Useless remedy, change of rulers: receiving the same situations, new rulers receive the same sinister interests with the old: exposure to the same situations, same insensibility to all tutelary sanctions: necessarily they pursue the same sinister course. Whole official Establishment a ship infested at all times with the same plague.